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Rome 258;

see also sovereign

monasticism:

Benedict, St 349, 351–4;

end of Dark Ages 372;

England 368–9;

Erasmus 474–5;

Ireland 375;

Jerome, St 320–1, 322;

origins of 349–51;

papacy 443;

reform 383–4

Monboddo, Lord 569

money lending 181–2, 248, 568

Monica, St 325, 327–8

monism:

James, W. 725;

Leibniz, G. W. 542;

Leucippus 72, 75;

neutral 725, 742;

Spinoza, B. de 528

Monophysites 343, 347, 350, 391

monotheism:

development of Judaism 293–4, 295, 298, 307;

Islam 391

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de 6, 476

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de 581, 634

Moody, Ernest E. 435

moon 69–70, 196, 204

Moore, G. E. 597

morality:

Aristotle 169;

asceticism, Plato 134–5;

Babylonian religion 17;

belief 743–4;

early Christianity 311;

Hegel, G. W. F. 670;

Hellenization of Rome 264;

Italian Renaissance 463;

Kant, I. 644–5;

Locke, J. 559–61, 572;

Machiavelli, N. 468;

romantic movement 616–17, 622;

Scepticism 224;

Sophists 83–4;

see also ethics

More, Sir Thomas 472, 474, 476–80

motion:

Anaxagoras 69;

Aristotle 196–8;

atomism 77–8;

Berkeley, G. 595;

Descartes, R. 514–15, 519–20;

first law of 198–9, 494–6, 515;

Galileo 489;

Greek animism 493–4;

Hobbes, T. 503;

Leucippus 74–6;

Newton, I. 198–9, 495;

will 514–15, 519–20

Murray, Gilbert 22, 218–19, 222, 241

music 43, 112, 113, 114, 186–7

Musset, Alfred de 679

Mycenaeans 18–19

mysticism:

Bernard, St 407;

Christianity 311, 330, 439;

Hegel, G. W. F. 661, 662;

Heraclitus 48;

Kant, I. 640–1;

mathematics 44–5;

Orphism 28;

Plato 127, 136–7;

Pythagoras 38, 40–1;

Reformation 7;

Schopenhauer, A. 684–5

myth:

Greece 21, 99, 104–5, 115

names:

Aristotle 159–61, 191, 193;

Hobbes, T. 503–4;

Locke, J. 556–7;

Origen 309;

Parmenides 56–8;

Plato 123, 127–8;

universals 159–61

Naples 457, 460–1

Napoleon:

Byron, Lord 678–80;

Hegel, G. W. F. 661;

liberalism 545;

Nietzsche, F. W. 688, 689;

Prussia 653

national genius 668

National Socialism 99, 102, 339, 695–6, 713

nationalism:

Byron, Lord 680;

Catholic philosophy 285–6;

Darwinism 659;

decline of papacy 441–2, 443;

early history of Jews 294, 295;

Fichte, J. G. 651;

Germany 651, 680;

Protestantism 487, 513;

Reformation 7;

romantic movement 617, 621–2, 657

nations:

Hegel, G. W. F. 668–9;

Nietzsche, F. W. 690

natural law:

Anaximander 35–6;

Locke, J. 568–72;

Rousseau, J. J. 626;

Stoicism 253, 256

natural religion 627, 629–31

natural rights 44, 256, 632, 655

Nature:

John the Scot 377–8, 379;

Plotinus 275;

Stoicism 243–4, 245, 252

Nausiphanes 231, 232

Nazis see National Socialism

necessary Being 536–7, 643–4

necessity:

Aquinas, St Thomas 421;

Epicurus 235;

Hellenism 219;

Hobbes, T. 506–7;

Plato 144, 147;

Spinoza, B. de 523, 528

Neoplatonism:

Augustine, St 334;

Averroes 396;

Christianity 291, 439–40;

Epicureans 239;

fall of Byzantine Empire 448;

John the Scot 377–9;

Origen 307;

Plotinus 269–80;

pseudo-Dionysius 377;

Roman influence 263;

Sufis 394

Nero, Emperor 247–8

Nestorianism 342–3, 347–8, 390–1, 393, 394

Nestorius 342–3

neutral monism 725, 742

New Testament 299, 414, 534–5

Newton, Sir Isaac 484, 492;

calculus 532;

Descartes, R. 515;

Euclid 44;

first law of motion 198–9, 489, 494;

force 495–6;

gravity 207, 489;

heliocentric universe 131;

Locke, J. 583;

space 77;

void 76

Nicene Creed 309, 313

Nicholas I, Pope 364, 369–70, 376, 377, 441

Nicholas II, Pope 385

Nicholas V, Pope 365, 459

Nicholas of Oresme 438

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 660, 687–97;

Aristotle's ethics 170;

Byron, Lord 677–8;

cult of the hero 8;

family and race 621;

Fascism and Nazism 713;

happiness 703;

individualism 547;

influence of Sparta 99;

liberalism 584;

Napoleon 680;

romantic movement 657;

social justice 172

Nirvana 683–4

noble man 688, 692, 693, 694–6

noble savage 625, 626, 630–1

nominalism:

Abélard 405–6;

Aristotle's doctrine of universals 159;

Hobbes, T. 503–4;

Hume, D. 602;

Locke, J. 556;

Roscelin 404;

William of Occam 435–6

Normans 371, 380;

end of Dark Ages 372;

papacy 385, 386, 387, 401

North Africa 258, 267