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• Classic-Fiction

Islamic conquest 390, 391, 392, 393–4;

Samos 38–9;

Seleucids 214;

Sparta 103

pessimism 681, 683, 685–6, 714

Peter Damian, St 382, 383, 385, 388

Peter, St 305

Petrarch 443, 457, 462

Pheidias 66, 68, 81, 85

phenomena 225, 646–8, 683–5

philanthropy 177, 291

Philip II, King of Spain 509

Philip IV, King of France 442–3

Philip of Macedon 211, 212

Philo 303

Philolaus 204–5

philosopher rulers, Plato 110, 111, 116–17, 120, 121, 124, 130

philosophers:

Arabic 394;

closing of school by Justinian 347;

definition and Plato 121–2, 123–4;

Epicurus 232;

immortality of the soul, Plato 139–40;

influence on social change 544;

Islam 396;

lending money at interest 181–2;

persecution in Alexandria under St Cyril 342;

Plato 121–2, 123–4, 126–7, 134–6;

refugees 375

Philosophical Radicals 583, 698–705, 706

philosophy:

classification 714–15;

definitions 1–2, 124–7;

materialist concept of history 708–11;

moral considerations 743–4;

social change 544

Phocas, Emperor 357–8

Phoenicians 20–1, 213, 242

Photius, Patriarch 369–70

physico-theological proof 643, 644

physics:

Aristotle 195–9;

logical analysis 741–2;

permanence 54;

space 76–7;

Zeno and Stoicism 242

pi [] 202

Pietro dei Medici 459

Pietro della Vigna 412–13

Plato:

Anaxagoras 68;

animism 494;

Aquinas, St Thomas 419, 422;

Aristotle 157, 159, 163, 334;

asceticism 134–7;

astronomy 130–1, 488;

Athens 66–7, 85;

Augustine, St 329–31, 333–4;

Catholic philosophy 285, 441;

Christianity 291, 329–31, 439–40;

cosmogony 142–7;

creation 130, 134, 142–7, 329–31;

cult of Dionysus 26;

Democritus 72;

dialectic method 97–8;

Empedocles 61, 62, 64;

fall of Byzantine Empire 448;

geometry 44, 45, 125, 145–6, 201;

Gnosticism 275;

good 127, 246;

Hellenism 268;

Heraclitus 52, 62;

immortality 109, 132–41, 537;

influences on 108–10;

irrationals 201;

knowledge 109, 122–3, 129–30, 135–9, 148–56, 556;

Matthew of Aquasparta 430;

mysticism 221;

Nietzsche, F. W. 688;

Origen 307–8;

Orphism 28, 109, 121, 137;

Parmenides 55;

perception 125–7, 134–7, 148–56, 224, 556;

Plotinus 272, 273;

politics 216;

Protagoras 83;

pure thought 78;

Pythagoreanism 40, 45;

regular solids 202;

Renaissance 461;

Republic 109, 111–20, 182–3, 272;

Scepticism 225–6;

scholasticism 403, 407;

Socrates 89, 90–5, 96–7;

Sophists 82, 84;

Sparta 99, 102, 104, 105, 107;

state of flux 52, 149, 150–1, 156;

Stoicism 246, 247;

theory of ideas 121–31, 135–9, 159;

universals 127–9, 709–10;

virtue 172;

see also Neoplatonism;

Platonism

Platonism:

Anselm 389;

Aquinas, St Thomas 419;

Augustine, St 328, 329–31, 335;

Beothius 344–5;

Bonaventura, St 430;

Christianity 328, 329–31, 441;

Duns Scotus 431;

Gnosticism 305–6;

Italian Renaissance 461;

John the Scot 377–8;

Plotinus 269–80;

Pythagoreanism 45;

Scepticism 225–6;

sin 335;

Stoicism 241, 242, 246;

see also Neoplatonism

pleasure:

Aristotle 174–5, 176;

Bentham, J. 699–700;

Cynics 222;

dynamic/static 233;

Epicurus 231–2, 233–5;

greatest-happiness principle 699–700;

Locke, J. 559–60, 561–2, 586;

More, T. 479–80;

Plato's dualism 134–6, 140;

Spinoza, B. de 524–5, 526;

Stoicism 251;

utilitarianism 701–3

Pletho, Gemistus 461

Pliny 311

Plotinus 269–80;

Christianity 440;

Gnosticism 306;

Muslim culture 393;

Origen 307;

Platonism 389;

Trinity 389

Plutarch:

Aristarchus 206;

influence of 105;

Roman influence on Greeks 262;

Rousseau, J. J. 625;

Sparta 99, 101, 104, 105–7

politics:

Aristotle 171–4, 179–87;

Locke, J. 552, 563–82, 583–4, 587–8;

Middle Ages 6;

Reformation 7;

Rousseau, J. J. 631–6;

Spinoza, B. de 522;

utilitarianism 700–1

polity, Aristotle 183

Polybius 247, 261, 262

Polycrates 38–9

Pontius Pilate 302

Poor Men of Lyons 414

Porphyry 279;

Aristotle 190, 192;

Augustine, St 335;

Bacon, R. 430;

Christianity 440;

Plotinus 271, 272;

William of Occam 435

Posidonius 207, 246–7, 262, 280

possible worlds doctrine 538–9, 541–2

potentiality, Aristotle 163–4

poverty:

Albigenses 413;

Aquinas, St

Thomas 424;

Francis, St 415–16;

Franciscans 432;

romantic movement 615–16;