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• Classic-Fiction

Augustine, St 324, 334;

Bacon, R. 430;

Christianity 284;

Descartes, R. 514–15, 517–20;

Egypt 16;

Epicurus 235–6;

form 162;

happiness 168–9;

Heraclitus 49;

Hume, D. 603;

intellect 430, 437;

Leibniz, G. W. 533–4;

Origen 307;

Orphism 26, 28;

Plato 134–40, 143–4, 146;

Plotinus 276–7;

pre-existence of 137–9, 307;

predestination 482;

Pythagoras 41;

Spinoza, B. de 523;

Stoicism 242, 246, 247;

William of Occam 437;

worship of Dionysus 32;

see also body/soul relation;

immortality of the soul;

transmigration of the soul

Soul of the World 406

sovereign:

Hobbes, T. 503, 505–8, 573;

Rousseau, J. J. 632–6;

social contract 573, 632–6;

Spinoza, B. de 522;

see also monarchy

space:

absolute 77, 496;

atomism 76–7;

Bergson, H. 717;

Kant, I. 642–3, 646–50;

Leibniz, G. W. 534;

monads 534;

Newton 496;

Plato 144–5

Spain:

Counter-Reformation 481;

Inquisition 415;

Islam 267–8, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395–6, 397;

Jews 303–4, 397;

Naples and Sicily 460–1;

Roman Empire 257, 267

Sparta:

Athens 67, 85–6, 90, 91, 99;

culture 24;

Homer 21;

influence on Greek thought 99–107;

liberty 3;

Machiavelli, N. 468, 471;

Nietzsche, F. W. 689;

Persia 65;

Plato 108–9, 117, 120;

Rousseau, J. J. 625, 631–2;

social system 20

spatio-temporal relations, Hume, D. 603–4, 608

specialization, Hellenism 215–16

species 435, 557

Sphaerus 255

Spinoza, Benedict de 521–30;

Absolute, Hegel, G. W. F. 662;

De Tribus Impostoribus 411;

Descartes, R. 514;

ethics 586;

Holland 512;

Leibniz, G. W. 532;

Maimonides 303, 397;

matter 533;

method 585–6;

Nietzsche, F. W. 692–3;

pantheism 330;

Pythagoras 45;

supremacy of State 669

Spirit:

Hegel, G. W. F. 664–5, 666–7, 669, 708;

Origen 308;

Plotinus 272–3, 273

Spirituals 416, 432

square roots 201

State:

Ambrose, St 314–15, 316–19;

Aristotle 172–4, 180–1, 182–7;

Augustine, St 337–8;

Church/State relationship 3–6, 263, 284, 287, 309, 314–19, 337–8, 482, 487, 668–73;

divine right of kings 564;

glorification of 9, 668–71;

good 172–4;

Hegel, G. W. F. 668–71, 672–3;

Hellenism 221;

Hobbes, T. 505–10;

international government 645–6;

Kant, I. 645–6;

Locke, J. 570, 572;

modernity 453;

natural rights 572;

Nietzsche, F. W. 690, 695–6;

Plato 109, 111–20;

Protestantism 7–8, 482;

Rousseau, J. J. 632–6;

social contract 505–10, 632–6;

state of nature 570;

see also City States

state of nature:

Hobbes, T. 504–5, 506;

Locke, J. 568–72, 582;

Rousseau, J. J. 626, 632;

Spinoza, B. de 522

stellar parallax 485, 487

Stephen III, Pope 364

Stephen IX, Pope 384

Stoicism 211, 241–56;

Augustine, St 334;

Boethius 344;

calm 529;

Christianity 291;

Cynicism 223;

Cynics 222;

Epicureans 230;

Fate 333;

foundation 230;

individualism 546;

Maccabees 298;

Plotinus and Neoplatonism 272;

politics 221;

Roman influence 261–2, 263, 266;

social cohesion 3;

Socrates 96;

soul 276;

virtue 172

Strachey, Lytton 497

strife 49, 51, 62, 64, 116

subject:

Aristotle 190–1, 194;

Hegel, G. W. F. 663;

James, W. 724;

Leibniz, G. W. 539–41

subjectivism:

Augustine, St 330–1;

Descartes, R. 516–17;

Fichte, J. G. 650–1;

German idealism 637–9;

Kant, I. 647–50;

liberalism 9;

modern philosophy 455;

Plotinus 279–80;

Reformation 7–8;

romantic movement 8–9;

sense-perception 224

sublimity, Kant, I. 641

sublunary sphere, Aristotle 198, 487

substance:

Anaximander 35–6;

Aristotle 160–1, 162–4, 166–7, 192, 193–4;

Berkeley, G. 590–9;

Duns Scotus 431–2;

Hume, D. 602–3;

Leibniz, G. W. 533–4, 539–41;

Locke, J. 555, 557–8;

Parmenides 59;

principle of individuation 431–2;

soul 166–7;

Spinoza, B. de 522–3;

universals 160–1, 162–4;

William of Occam 435

suffering:

Aristotle 177;

Nietzsche, F. W. 688–90, 696–7;

Schopenhauer, A. 683–4

sufficient reason, principle of 534, 536, 540

Sufis 394

suicide 133, 332, 645, 683

sun 69–70, 196, 204

Sunni 392

superman, Nietzsche, F. W. 687

superstition:

England 503;

Epicurus 231, 236;

Greece 21, 24;

Hellenism 218–19, 264–5;

Italian Renaissance 457, 463;

Middle Ages 286–7;

Plotinus 279

Supreme Artificer 196

surprise,