History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [496]
8 On Generation and Corruption, 325a.
9 Bailey (op. cit., p. 75) maintains, on the contrary, that Leucippus had an answer, which was 'extremely subtle'. It consisted essentially in admitting the existence of something (the void) which was not corporeal. Similarly Burnet says: 'It is a curious fact that the Atomists, who are commonly regarded as the great materialists of antiquity, were actually the first to say distinctly that a thing might be real without being a body.'
10 On the way in which this was supposed to happen, see Bailey, op. cit., p. 138 ff.
11 'Poverty in a democracy is as much to be preferred to what is called prosperity under despots as freedom is to slavery,' he says.
10 PROTAGORAS
1 It ended in 404 B.C. with the complete overthrow of Athens.
11 SOCRATES
1 In quotations from Plato, I have generally used Jowett's translation.
2 In The Clouds, Socrates is represented as denying the existence of Zeus.
3 Cf. Acts, v. 29.
12 THE INFLUENCE OF SPARTA
1 Not to mention Dr. Thomas Arnold and the English public schools.
2 Bury, History of Greece, Vol. I, p. 138. It seems that Spartan men ate nearly six times as much as their wives.
3 In speaking of 'democratic' elements in the Spartan constitution, one must of course remember that the citizens as a whole were a ruling class fiercely tyrannizing over the helots, and allowing no power to the perioeci.
4 History of Greece, Vol. I, p. 141.
5 Politics, Vol. II, 9 (1269B–1270A).
6 In quoting Plutarch I use North's translation.
14 PLATO'S UTOPIA
1 'These women shall be, without exception, the common wives of these men, and no one shall have a wife of his own.'
2 See Henry C. Lea, A History of Sacerdotal Celibacy.
16 PLATO'S THEORY OF IMMORTALITY
1 Even for many Christians, it is second only to the death of Christ. 'There is nothing in any tragedy, ancient or modern, nothing in poetry or history (with one exception), like the last hours of Socrates in Plato.' These are the words of the Rev. Benjamin Jowett.
17 PLATO'S COSMOGONY
1 This dialogue contains much that is obscure and has given rise to controversies among commentators. On the whole, I find myself in most agreement with Cornford's admirable book, Plato's Cosmology.
2 Vaughan must have been reading this passage when he wrote the poem beginning 'I saw eternity the other night.'
3 Cornford (op. cit.) points out that 'necessity' is not to be confounded with the modern conception of a deterministic reign of law. The things that happen through 'necessity' are those not brought about by a purpose: they are chaotic and not subject to laws.
4 See Heath, Greek Mathematics, Vol. I, pp. 159, 162, 294–296.
5 For a reconciliation of the two statements, see Cornford, op. cit., p. 219.
6 Heath, op. cit., p. 161.
18 KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION IN PLATO
1 It was presumably this passage that first suggested to F. C. S. Schiller his admiration of Protagoras.
2 It seems that neither Plato nor the dynamic youths of Ephesus had noticed that locomotion is impossible on the extreme Heraclitean doctrine. Motion demands that a given thing A should be now here, now there: it must remain the same thing while it moves. In the doctrine that Plato examines there is change of quality and change of place, but not change of substance. In this respect, modern quantum physics goes further than the most extreme disciples of Heraclitus went in Plato's time. Plato would have thought this fatal to science, but it has not proved so.
3 Compare the advertisement: 'That's Shell, that was.'
4 On this subject see the last chapter of the present work.
19 ARISTOTLE'S METAPHYSICS
1 The Greek Philosophers, Vol. I, p. 285.
2 Ethics, 1170B.
3 On interpretation, 17a.
4 Aristotle, Vol. I, p. 204.
20 ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS
1 'The Greek word means, literally, 'great-souled', and is usually translated 'magnanimous', but the Oxford translation renders it 'proud'. Neither word,