History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [497]
2 It is true that Aristotle also says this (1105a), but as he means it the consequences are not so far-reaching as in the Christian interpretation.
21 ARISTOTLE'S POLITICS
1 Cf. The Noodle's Oration in Sydney Smith; 'If the proposal be sound, would the Saxon have passed it by? Would the Dane have ignored it? Would it have escaped the wisdom of the Norman?' (I quote from memory.)
2 This was written in May, 1941.
24 EARLY GREEK MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY
1 Greek Mathematics, Vol. I, p. 145.
2 De Caelo, 295b
3 Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus. By Sir Thomas Heath, Oxford, 1913. What follows is based on this book.
4 Greek Mathematics, Vol. II, p. 253.
5 Posidonius was Cicero's teacher. He flourished in the latter half of the second century B.C.
25 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
1 This is not historically true.
2 Perhaps this is no longer true, as the sons of those who held this belief have been educated at Eton.
3 Quoted in Bevan, House of Seleucus, Vol. I, p. 298n.
4 The king, not the astronomer.
5 Annals, Book VI, chap. 42.
6 See Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VII, pp. 194–5.
7 'The Social Question in the Third Century', by W. T. Tarn, in The Hellenistic Age by various authors. Cambridge, 1923. This essay is exceedingly interesting, and contains many facts not elsewhere readily accessible.
8 Ibid.
9 Bevan, House of Seleucus, Vol. II, pp. 45–6.
10 Five Stages of Greek Religion, pp. 177–8.
11 C. F. Angus in Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VII. p. 231. The above quotation from Menander is taken from the same chapter.
26 CYNICS AND SCEPTICS
1 Benn, Vol. II, pp. 4, 5: Murray, Five Stages, pp. 113–14.
2 Ibid., p. 117.
3 Ibid., p. 119
4 The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1923), p. 84 ff.
5 Ibid., p. 86.
6 Quoted by Edwyn Bevan, Stoics and Sceptics, p. 126.
7 North's Plutarch, Lives, Marcus Cato.
8 Ibid.
27 THE EPICUREANS
1 The Greek Atomists and Epicurus, by Cyril Bailey, Oxford, 1928, p. 221. Mr. Bailey has made a specialty of Epicurus, and his book is invaluable to the student.
2 The Stoics were very unjust to Epicurus. Epictetus, for example, addressing him, says: 'This is the life of which you pronounce yourself worthy: eating, drinking, copulation, evacuation and snoring.' Book II, chap. xx, Discourses of Epictetus.
3 Gilbert Murray, Five Stages, p. 130.
4 About five pounds.
5 The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, by W. J. Oates, p. 47. Where possible, I have availed myself of Mr Oates's translations.
6 (For Epicurus) 'Absence of pain is in itself pleasure, indeed in his ultimate analysis the truest pleasure.' Bailey, op. cit., p. 249.
7 On the subject of friendship and Epicurus's amiable inconsistency, see Bailey, op. cit., pp. 517–20.
8 An analogous view is urged in our day by Eddington, in his interpretation of the principle of indeterminacy.
9 I quote the translation of Mr R. C. Trevelyan, Book I, 60–79.
10 Lucretius instances the sacrifice of Iphigenia as an example of the harm wrought by religion, Book I, 85–100.
11 Book III, 1068–76. I again quote Mr. R. C. Trevelyan's translation.
28 STOICISM
1 Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p. 25.
2 For the sources of what follows, see Bevan, Later Greek Religion, p. 1 ff
3 See Barth, Die Stoa, 4th edition, Stuttgart, 1922.
4 Ibid.
5 Bevan, Stoics and Sceptics, p. 88.
6 He estimated that by sailing westward from Cadiz, India could be reached after 70,000 stades. 'This remark was the ultimate foundation of Columbus's confidence.' Tarn, Hellenistic Civilization, p. 249.
7 The above account of Posidonius is mainly based on Chapter III of Edwyn Bevan's Stoics and Sceptics.
8 Rostovtseff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, p. 179.
9 Quoted from Oates, op. cit. pp. 225–6.
10 Ibid., p. 251.
11 Ibid., p. 280.
12 Diogenes