History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [498]
29 THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN RELATION TO CULTURE
1 History of the Ancient World, Vol. II, p. 255.
2 See Rostovtseff, History of the Ancient World, Vol. II, p. 332.
3 See Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism.
4 Benn, The Greek Philosophers, Vol. II, p. 226.
5 Gibbon, chap. vi.
6 History of the Ancient World, Vol. II, p. 343.
7 See Alchemy, Child of Greek Philosophy, by Arthur John Hopkins, Columbia, 1934.
30 PLOTINUS
1 Concerning Gallienus, Gibbon remarks: 'He was a master of several curious but useless sciences, a ready orator and an elegant poet, a skilful gardener, an excellent cook, and most contemptible prince. When the great emergencies of the State required his presence and attention, he was engaged in conversation with the philosopher Plotinus, wasting his time in trifling or licentious pleasures, preparing his initiation to the Grecian mysteries, or soliciting a place in the Areopagus of Athens' (chap. x).
2 Origen, who was a contemporary of Plotinus and had the same teacher in philosophy, taught that the First Person was superior to the Second, and the Second to the Third, agreeing in this with Plotinus. But Origen's view was subsequently declared heretical.
3 Fifth Ennead, Fifth Tractate, chap. 12.
4 Enneads, V, 3, 14. McKenna's translation,
5 Enneads, V, 3, 17.
6 IV, 8, 1.
7 Plotinus habitually uses 'There' as a Christian might—as it is used, for instance, in
The life that knows no ending,
The tearless life is There.
1 THE RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS
1 Jeremiah vii, 17–18.
2 Ibid., vii, 31.
3 Ibid., xliv, 11–end.
4 Ezekiel vii, 11–end.
5 Ezra ix–x, 5.
6 Leviticus xx, 24.
7 Ibid., xix, 2.
8 Isaiah vii, 14.
9 Ibid., x, 2, 6.
10 Ibid., lx, 3.
11 Jerusalem under the High Priests, p. 12.
12 From them, probably, developed the sect of the Essenes, whose doctrines seem to have influenced primitive Christianity. See Oesterley and Robinson, History of Israel, Vol. II, p. 323 ff. The Pharisees also descended from them.
13 Some Alexandrian Jews did not object to this identification. See Letter of Aristeas, 15, 16.
14 I Maccabees i, 60–3.
15 The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English. Edited by R. H. Charles, Vol. II, p. 659.
16 For the text of this book, in English, see Charles, op. cit., whose introduction also is valuable.
2 CHRISTIANITY DURING THE FIRST FOUR CENTURIES
1 I Timothy vi, 20, 21.
2 Mark xxv, 34.
3 Or rather the author of an Epistle attributed to St Paul—Colossians ii, 8.
4 Matthew xix, 12.
5 Origen, Contra Celsum, Book I, chap. ii.
6 Ibid., Book I, chap. xxvi.
7 Ibid., Book VIII, chap. lxxv.
8 Not exactly in its present form, which was decided upon in 362.
9 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap. xv.
10 See Oesterley and Robinson, Hebrew Religion.
11 See Angus, The Mystery Religions and Christianity.
3 THREE DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH
1 This thesis seems to anticipate the outlook of feudalism.
2 Epistle xvii.
3 Ibid. xx.
4 This allusion to the Books of Samuel begins a line of biblical argument against kings which persisted throughout the Middle Ages, and even in the conflict of the Puritans with the Stuarts. It appears for instance in Milton.
5 Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Vol. VI, p. 17.
6 Ibid., p. 212.
7 Ibid., p. 30.
8 This hostility to pagan literature persisted in the Church until the eleventh century, except in Ireland, where the Olympian gods had never been worshipped, and were therefore not feared by the Church.
9 Letter lx.
10 Letter cxxviii.
11 Confessions, Book II, chap. iv.
12 I must except Mahatma Gandhi, whose autobiography contains passages closely similar to the above.
13 Confessions, Book II, chap. ii.
14 Ibid., Book III, chap. i.
15 Ibid., Book IV, chap. ii.
16 Ibid., Book VI, chap. xv.
17 Confessions, Book VIII, chap. vii.
18 Ibid., Book IV, chap. iii.
19 Ibid., Book IV, chap. xvi.
20 Ibid., Book V, chap. iii.
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