History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [499]
22 Ibid., Book II, chap. vii.
23 Ibid., Book V, chap. x.
24 Ibid., Book V, chap. xiv.
25 Confessions, Book VII, chap. ix.
26 Ibid., Book VII, chap. xxi.
4 ST AUGUSTINE'S PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY
1 Confessions, Book XI, chap. xx.
2 Ibid., chap. xxviii.
3 Ibid., chap. xxx.
4 The City of God, I, 31.
5 Ibid., I, 35.
6 Ibid., II, 14.
7 This argument is not original: it is derived from the academic sceptic Carneades. Cf. Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 166.
8 The City of God, VIII, 5.
9 Romans vi, 10; Hebrews vii, 27.
10 The City of God, XIV, 15.
11 Galatians ii, 11–14.
12 Of Abdon we know only that he had forty sons and thirty nephews, and that all these seventy rode donkeys (Judges xii, 14).
13 Erastianism is the doctrine that the Church should be subject to the State.
5 THE FIFTH AND SIXTH CENTURIES
1 Gibbon, op. cit., chap. xlvii.
2 Ibid.
3 Gibbon, op. cit., chap. xlvii.
6 ST BENEDICT AND GREGORY THE GREAT
1 The desert near Egyptian Thebes.
2 Op. cit., xxxvii, note 57.
3 Cambridge Medieval History, II, chap. viii.
4 So at least Bury says in his Life of the Saint.
7 THE PAPACY IN THE DARK AGES
1 I am quoting a still unpublished book, The First Europe.
2 In Cambridge Medieval History, II, 663.
3 Cambridge Medieval History, III, 455.
4 Ibid.
8 JOHN THE SCOT
1 This addition is redundant; it would make his name 'Irish John from Ireland'. In the ninth century 'Scotus' means 'Irishman'.
2 Cambridge Medieval History, III, 501.
3 This question is discussed carefully in the Cambridge Medieval History, III, chap. xix, and the conclusion is in favour of Irish knowledge of Greek.
4 Loc. cit., pp. 507–8.
5 Loc. cit., p. 524.
6 Cf. Bradley on the inadequacy of all cognition. He holds that no truth is quite true, but the best available truth is not intellectually corrigible.
7 Cf. Spinoza.
8 Contrast St Augustine.
9 ECCLESIASTICAL REFORM IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY
1 Cambridge Medieval History, V, chap. 10.
2 I Timothy iii. 2.
3 See Henry C. Lea, The History of Sacerdotal Celibacy.
4 In 1046, it was decreed that a clerk's son cannot be a bishop. Later, it was decreed he could not be in holy orders.
5 I Corinthians vii. 9.
6 Cambridge Medieval History, V, 662.
10 MOHAMMEDAN CULTURE AND PHILOSOPHY
1 The Hegira was Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina.
2 Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 286.
3 It is said that Averroes was taken back into favour shortly before his death.
11 THE TWELFTH CENTURY
1 He was said to be a pupil of Abélard, but this is doubtful.
2 There was an antipope throughout most of this time. At the death of Hadrian IV, the two claimants, Alexander III and Victor IV, had a tug-of-war for the papal mantle. Victor IV (who was the antipope), having failed to snatch the mantle, obtained from his partisans a substitute which he had prepared, but in his haste he put it on inside-out.
3 'The greatness of St Bernard lay not in the qualities of his intellect, but of his character.'—Encyclopaedia Britannica.
4 Medieval Latin hymns, rhymed and accentual, give expression, sometimes sublime, sometimes gentle and pathetic, to the best side of the religious feeling of the times.
12 THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
1 See the life of Frederick II, by Hermann Kantorowicz.
13 ST THOMAS AQUINAS
1 When I did so in a broadcast, very many protests from Catholics resulted.
2 But in Aristotle the argument leads to 47 or 55 Gods.
3 Summa contra Gentiles, Book I, chap. liii.
4 'Jesus answered, verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.'
14 FRANCISCAN SCHOOLMEN
1 Follower of Kindi: d. 950.
2 Astronomer, 805–885.
3 See Guillelmi de Ockham Opera Politica, Manchester University Press, 1940.
4 E.g., Swineshead, Heytesbury, Gerson, and d'Ailly.
5 I do not here pause to criticize the use to which Occam puts these terms.
6 For instance; Between