History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [500]
15 THE ECLIPSE OF THE PAPACY
1 See Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism.
2 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1 Quoted from Burckhardt, Renaissance in Italy, part iv, chap. ii.
2 Ibid.
3 Burckhardt, op. cit., part vi, chap. i.
3 MACHIAVELLI
1 This remained true until 1870.
2 It is curious to find this anticipation of Rousseau. It would be amusing, and not wholly false, to interpret Machiavelli as a disappointed romantic.
4 ERASMUS AND MORE
1 As regards the life of Erasmus, I have mainly followed the excellent biography by Huizinga.
6 THE RISE OF SCIENCE
1 See Three Copernican Treatises, translated by Edward Rosen, Chicago, 1939.
2 On this subject, see the chapter 'Scientific Instruments' in A History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, by A. Wolf.
8 HOBBES'S LEVIATHAN
1 Elsewhere he says that the heathen gods were created by human fear, but that our God is the First Mover.
9 DESCARTES
1 Descartes says it was a stove (poêle), but most commentators think this impossible. Those who know old-fashioned Bavarian houses, however, assure me that it is entirely credible.
2 The above argument, 'I think, therefore I am' (cogito ergo sum), is known as Descartes's cogito, and the process by which it is reached is called 'Cartesian doubt'.
13 LOCKE'S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
1 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book IV, chap. xvi, sec. 4.
2 Op. cit., Book IV, chap. i.
3 The above quotations are from Book II, chap. xx.
4 Op. cit., Book IV, chap. iii, sec. 18.
14 LOCKE'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
1 Quoted by Tawney in Religion and the Rise of Capitalism.
2 Cf. the Declaration of Independence.
3 'They are his property, whose workmanship they are, made to last during his, not another's pleasure.'
15 LOCKE'S INFLUENCE
1 Take, e.g., Shelley's dictum: 'When a proposition is offered to the mind, it perceives the agreement or disagreement of the ideas of which it is composed.'
16 BERKELEY
1 E.g., 'I was not drunk last night. I had only had two glasses: besides, it is well known that I am a teetotaller.'
17 HUME
1 Book I, part iii, sec. iv.
2 Book I, part iii, sec. viii.
19 ROUSSEAU
1 The Council of Geneva ordered the two books to be burnt, and gave instructions that Rousseau was to be arrested if he came to Geneva. The French Government had ordered his arrest: the Sorbonne and the Parlement of Paris condemned Emile.
2 We must except Pascal. 'The heart has its reasons, of which reason is ignorant' is quite in Rousseau's style.
3 'Un prêtre en bonne règle ne doit faire des enfants qu'aux femmes mariées,' he elsewhere reports a Savoyard priest as saying.
4 E.g., 'There is often much difference between the will of all and the general will: the latter considers only the common interest: the former looks to private interest, and is only a sum of particular wills: but take away from these same wills the more and the less which destroy each other, and the general will remains as the sum of the differences.'
5 Hegel selects for special praise the distinction between the general will and the will of all. He says: 'Rousseau would have made a sounder contribution towards a theory of the State, if he had always kept this distinction in sight' (Logic, sec. 163).
22 HEGEL
1 The definition in German is: 'Der Begriff der Idee, dem die Idee als solche der Gegenstand, dem das Objekt sie ist.' Except in Hegel, Gegenstand and Objekt are synonyms.
2 Freedom of the Press, he says, does not consist in being allowed to write what one wants: this view is crude and superficial. For instance, the Press should not be allowed to render the Government or the police contemptible.
23 BYRON
1 Maurois, Life of Byron.
2 Sartor Resartus, Book II, chap. vi.
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