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• Classic-Fiction

rescue dogs, 79, 166, 237–39

stories of dog heroes, 237–39

test of behavior during, 239–41

encephalization quotient, 9n

endorphins, 279

English cocker spaniel, 50

epileptic seizure, prediction of, 82n

see also olfaction

exaggerated retreat, 203

eyebrows, raised as display, 16, 124

eye contact

aggression and, 147, 148–49

in attending, 143–44

avoiding, 46

dog tells, 292–93

dog vision and, 133–34

as foundation for social cognition, 45–47

gaze avoidance, 45–46, 110–11, 143, 144, 148–49, 229, 232, 292–93

gaze following, 149–52, 154

lack of, in autism, 140, 192

mutual gaze, 46–47, 139, 146–49, 161, 292–93

showing, 154

staring, 15, 45–46, 110, 292–93

use of gaze, 46

eyes. see also eye contact; vision

darting, 148

of dogs versus wolves, 42

facial expressions, 110 eyebrows raised as display, 16, 124

infant imitation of, 142–43, 173, 277 see also smile

facial recognition, 142–43

false belief task, 192–93, 201 Far Side (Larson), 95

fear

anal sacs and, 84–85

communication of, 99, 112

detection of, 79–81. see also olfaction

in domestication of wolves, 37, 39

isolation barks and, 107

feces, 24, 73, 84–85, 295

feet

dog, 85

human, 71, 75–76, 78, 244

feral dogs, 59, 63, 83–84, 117–18

fetch, 277–78, 287

see also play, human-dog

Finnegan, 266–67, 301

fireflies, communication of, 91–92

flehmen, 74

flicker-fusion rate, 130–32

see also vision

flirting, timing in, 277–78

fluorescent lights, 131

foveae, 126–27

Fox, Michael, 269

foxes

in Canidae family, 34. see also Canidae family

domestication experiments, 35–37

vocalizations of, 90

free-ranging dogs, 59, 63, 83–84, 117–18

French bulldog, 114

friendly behavior, 171–72

frogs, communication of, 92

Fromm, Erich, 216

functional tone, 24–26

fur trade, domestication of silver foxes, 35–37

gaits, 290–91

galloping, 290

Gallup, Gordon, 217–20

gangs, dog-human, 57–61

gaze. see eye contact

generalizations, 8–9, 221–22

genes

divergence of dogs, 38–47

functioning of, 36–37

genetic mutations, 51

genome mapping, 36–37, 51, 52n

interaction with environment, 51–55

mitochondrial DNA, 39–40

of tamed foxes, 36–37

genitals, olfaction and, 75, 76, 87

German shepherd, 50, 53n, 104

golden retriever, 112

Goodall, Jane, 102n, 296

Grandin, Temple, 136, 251n

Great Dane, 50

greeting, 271–73

attachment behavior and, 43, 271–72 licking in, 29, 30–31, 65, 247, 272–73

ritual as part of bond, 29, 30–31, 263–64, 271–73

sniff in, 75, 76, 84–85, 86, 87–88

tail in, 3, 31, 256–57

see also kisses, dog

greyhound, 48

Grice, Paul, 97–98

grin. see smile

growl, 62, 100, 102, 221–22. see also sounds made

grunt, 101–2

guard dogs, 252

guilt, 228–35

associations and, 232–33

concealing behavior, 234–35

feeling of, 228–35

gaze avoidance and, 149, 229, 232

guilty look, 149, 228–30, 232, 233

lack of, 234

polygraph machines, 80, 169

test of, 230–33

habits, knowledge of, 166–72, 251–52

habituation, to odors, 70–71

hackles, 110, 113

half-bounding, 290–91

handedness/pawedness, 288

happiness, 26

licking and, 30–31

smiling and, 16, 145

wagging tail and, 112–13

Harlow, Harry, 268–69

harriers, 49

head bow, 201

head size, 8–9, 44, 124

hearing. see audition; sounds made

heeling, 287–88

height, of dogs, 23, 40, 110n, 112, 169–71, 243–45

herding behavior, 49, 53, 54, 71, 262, 287

hierarchy

lack of, in domestic dogs, 57–61

of the senses, 133–34

in wolves, 40, 58–59

hippopotamus marking, 84

Homo sapiens

dog recognition of owner, 25–26, 29–31

in domestication process, 38–47

early settlements of, 38–39

evolution of, 40–41, 61–62

hormones

affected by petting dog, 261

contagion of in dogs, 80, 280

cortisol, 172–73, 279–80

detection by dogs, 80, 172–73, 280

detection by sharks, 77

endorphins, 279

oxytocin, 261, 279

pheromones and, 73–75, 79–81, 83

prolactin, 279

testosterone, 172

threshold levels of, 53

vasopressin, 261

horse

counting behavior of "Clever Hans,"163–66 pressure-release as reinforcement, 249n

hounds, 50

howl, 100, 101, 103

hunting

chasing behaviors