Inside of a Dog_ What Dogs See, Smell, and Know - Alexandra Horowitz [135]
dogs bred for, 43, 49, 53–54
style of dogs, 43, 57, 57n, 59
style of wolves, 34, 38–40, 43, 57n, 58
in training dogs, 57–61
husky, 42n, 48, 50, 114, 135
hyenas, 34n
hypothalamus, 212–13
Ibizan Hound, 48–49n
imitation
in animal cognition research, 183–90
blue tit and chickadee behavior, 185
demonstration and, 186–90
"do as I do" task, 142–43, 186–90
of facial expressions, 142–43, 173, 277
learning through, 183–86
mirroring, 152–53
overimitation by children, 188, 188n
role in bonding process, 274–79
stimulus enhancement versus, 184–90
true imitation, 189–90
India, free-ranging dogs in, 83–84, 117–18
individuality
genetic differences and, 51–55
of humans versus dogs, 8–9
infants, human
attachment in, 43
bonding and, 267–69, 277
cuteness of, 264
developmental stages, 43, 141–44, 146
facial recognition by, 142–43
gaze following in, 150
imitation of smile, 143, 173, 277
motherese and, 95–96
object permanence and, 178–79
overimitation by, 188, 188n
visual perception in, 142
see also children
instincts, 236–37
intelligence, 175–207
brain size and, 8–9, 44
counting ability, 163–66, 210
dog intelligence tests, 175–81
learning from others, 176, 181–83
linguistic ability in, 94–95, 96–97
problem solving, 44–45, 175–81
tool use and, 44–45, 177
see also animal cognition; physical cognition; social cognition
invisible displacement, test of, 177–78
in-your-face attention-getter, 152, 200, 203
irises, 125, 148
Irish setter, 50
Irish terrier, 50
isolation
eavesdropping, with video camera, 291–92
impact on bonding, 268–69
isolation barks, 107
lack of marking and, 116
noise making of dogs and, 118
jackals, 34
Jack Russell, 245
jaguars, 15
joint attention, 58
Kanzi (bonobo), 145n
keyboard use, 145n
Kipling, Rudyard, 119
kisses, dog, 29–31
see also licking
Koko (gorilla), 273 komondor, 113
Labrador retriever, 53, 127–28, 237–38
language
barks compared with, 105–6
commands. see commands
human use of, 26–27, 64, 94
linguistic ability of animals, 94–95, 96–97, 145n
role in memory, 224
vocabulary in, 96–97, 145n
Larson, Gary, 95
laughter, 103–4
learned helplessness, 19n
learned optimism/pessimism, 27–28
learning, 176, 181–83
associative, 10–11, 167–68, 182, 225, 232–33, 289
through demonstration, 186–90
through imitation, 183–86
to obey commands, 182–83, 189–90, 204n, 285–86 from observation, 26–28, 183–90
of umwelt of blind companion, 134–35, 162, 274 see also training
leg bands, 296n
licking
Elizabethan collar and, 86
functional use of, 29–31
as greeting, 29, 30–31, 65, 247, 272–73
muzzle licking, 30–31
in olfaction, 30–31, 73, 74
to prompt regurgitation by mother, 29–30, 272–73
sonorous mouth licking, 152
urine, 73, 74
of world, 246–47
lifetime, length of, 222n, 264
Linnaean classification, 38n
lizards, vomeronasal organ in, 73
looking. see vision
Lorenz, Konrad, 83, 116–17, 141n, 261–62, 272–73
marking
anal sacs in, 84–85, 112, 117
audience and, 117–18
"mark" test of self-awareness, 218–19, 220
scratching ground in, 85
urine in, 22, 76, 82–84, 114–18
markings, 296
marmosets, sniff in, 69
mastiff, 48–49, 50, 221
mating. see sexuality
mazes, 144
McClintock, Martha, 73n
memoirs, pet, 119, 225–27
memory, 222–28
associations and, 225
autobiographical memory, 119, 225–27
prodigious human memory, 224
willpower and, 226–27
mimicry, 94
mirror
"mark" test of self-awareness, 218–19, 220
recognition in, 217–20
mirroring, 152–53
mitochondrial DNA, 39–40
moan, 100, 101–2
mongoose
hyena relation to, 34n
marking by, 84
mongrels, 47, 52
monkeys
animal cognition research on, 157
anthropomorphism and, 263n
big-brain hypothesis and, 8–9
bonding and, 267–69
communication of, 91, 94
eyebrows raised in display, 16
eye contact in, 148
in zoos, 158–59
monosodium glutamate, 30
mothers
licking behavior and, 29–30, 272–73
motherese and, 95–96
touch between child and, 267–69
see also bonding
motion blindness, 132
motion sensitivity, 48, 54, 123–24, 129–32, 167, 244–45,