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• Classic-Fiction

movement, forms of, 290–91

mutts

adoption of, 47, 65, 262n, 266–67, 294, 301

muzzles of, 71

temperament of, 294

wolves versus, 44

mutual gaze, 46–47, 139, 146–49, 161, 292–93

muzzle biting, 18–19

muzzle licking, 30–31

Nagel, Thomas, 241–43, 258

naming behavior, 96–97, 98, 295–97

narcolepsy, 51

nasal septum, 74

natural selection, 34, 38–47

neophilia, 178n

neotony, 114, 264

neutering, 295

Newfoundland, 43–44, 48

night vision, 48, 125, 128–30

nonsporting hounds, 49

Norman (Labrador retriever), 237–38

Norwich terrier, 47–48

nose

anatomy of dog, 68–69, 71–75

beagle olfactory cells, 71, 72

of humans, 71

of sheepdog, 71

wet, in dogs, 69, 74–75, 77

see also odors; olfaction; vomeronasal organ novelty, importance of, 284–85, 288–89

obedience, 182–83, 189–90, 204n, 285–86 see also right and wrong; training

objectivity, in science, 3–5, 13–14, 27–28

object permanence, 176, 178–79

observation

in animal cognition research, 4–5, 13–14, 27–28, 102n, 145, 147, 148, 161–73

animal observation of humans, 183–90

anthropomorphism and, 14–19

learning from, 26–28, 183–90. see also imitation objectivity in scientific, 3–5, 13–14, 27–28 in training process, 60–61

of zoo animals, 4–5, 8, 14–15, 158–59, 216

odors

arousal and, 110

artificial, 25–26, 69, 71, 72, 86, 292

butyric acid and, 20–21, 79

city design and, 86–87

on clothing, 71, 75–76, 77, 78, 85, 244

of dog feet, 85

dog groomers and, 85–86, 292

in experience of time, 72, 77, 78–79, 227–28, 254–56

height of dogs and, 245

human adaptation to, 70–71

of human feet and shoes, 71, 75–76, 78, 135, 244

importance to dogs, 87–88

rump sniffing, 84–85, 86, 87–88

signature odor of humans, 25–26, 74–79, 87–88, 135 smell walks and, 284–85

traveling on air currents, 71, 76–77, 123, 245, 284–85

of urine, 22, 76, 82–84, 114–18

see also olfaction

olfaction, 67–88

bloodhound ability, 77–78

cells committed to, 69, 71, 72, 73–75

changes in, 169

detection of disease and disorder, 81–82

detection of fear, 79–81

detection of human odors, 20–21, 25–26, 76–77

in dogs, 30–31, 67–88, 116–17, 122

in experience of time, 72, 77, 78–79, 84, 227–28, 254–56

expression of anal sacs, 84–85

genitals and, 75, 76, 87

habituation in, 70–71

in humans, 21–22, 23, 67–68, 72–73, 122

importance to dogs, 87–88

licking in, 30–31, 73, 74

olfactory bulb, 72–73

pheromones and, 73–75, 79–81, 83

physiology of, 69, 71–75

prediction of seizure, 82n

self-awareness and, 219–20

in sharks, 77

signature scent and, 25–26, 74–79, 87–88, 135

smell walks and, 284–85

sniff in. see sniff

in ticks, 20–21

in tracking prey, 48, 57n, 76, 77–78

urine marking, 22, 76, 82–84, 114–18

vision connected with, 127–28

see also nose; odors; sniff; vomeronasal organ

ontogenetic ritualization, 226n

open-mouth display, 108, 110, 201

operant conditioning, 10–11, 189–90

optic nerve, 135–36

optimism, learned, 27–28

orienting reflex, 141

owners

animal observation of, 161–73, 251–52

concept of, 11–12

dog recognition of, 25–26, 29–31

legal relationship with dogs, 11–12

theories about dogs, 3–4

training of dogs and, 10–11, 25–26

oxytocin, 261, 279 see also hormones

pacing, 291

packs

analogy in training dogs, 57–61

use of term with dogs, 43, 57–61

in wolves, 38, 40, 41, 43, 57–61, 103 pair bond, 260–61

panoramic vision, 124, 127–28

papillon, 43–44

paramecium, 236–37

Pavlov, Ivan, 289

pawedness/handedness, 288

pawing, 152

pecking, 185

pedomorphic dogs, 114

peek-a-boo, 142

Pekingese, 50

peripheral vision, 127–28

personality. see temperament

personal space of chickens, 16–17

of dogs, 246–47

of humans, 16–17

"territory marking" and, 83–84

of wolves, 38

pessimism, learned, 27–28

petting dogs, 266–71, 293

Pfungst, Oskar, 164

Pharaoh Hound, 48–49n

pheromones, 73–75, 79–81, 83

phonemes, 105–6

photoreceptors, 48, 126, 127–32, 168

physical cognition

attention in, 144

object displacement/permanence, 176, 177–79

rope task, 44–45

size-awareness in, 220–22

social cognition and, 176–81

tool use, 177

of wolves