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7 See Ayesha Siddiqa, Military Inc. Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007).
8 Ibid., p. 212.
9 Interview with the author, Karachi, 1/5/2009.
10 Adnan Adil, ‘Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Economic Boom’, 21 September 2006, cited in Brian Cloughley, War, Coups and Terror: Pakistan’s Army in Years of Turmoil (Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley, 2008), p. 157.
11 Interview with the author, Rawalpindi, 27/7/2009.
12 Interview with the author, Peshawar, 28/7/2009.
13 Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 – 1947 (Sage Publications, Lahore, 2005), p. 26.
14 Quoted in Rizvi, Military, State and Society in Pakistan, p. 62.
15 Zahid Hussain, ‘Kayani Spells out Terms for Regional Stability’, Dawn.com, 2 February 2010.
16 Interview with the author, Lahore, 2/8/2009.
17 Nawaz, Crossed Swords, pp. 570 – 71.
18 As Abida Husain once remarked to me, ‘All our military capos have been personally pleasant, unassuming people, easy to get on with – very different from many of our politicians with their arrogance and edginess. Probably this is something to do with the democracy of the officers’ mess, and not seeming to be too clever. Zia was the cleverest of them all, but got where he did precisely by pretending to be stupid.’
19 Stephen M. Lyon, An Anthropological Analysis of Local Politics and Patronage in a Pakistani Village (Edwin Mellen, Lewiston, NY, 2004), p. 2. Things were just the same in Europe in the past. Nonetheless, the Pakistani (and Indian) style of deference to superiors can become a little tiresome to modern Western ears, and certainly does not encourage the free exchange of ideas. A typical telephone conversation between an inferior and superior in the bureaucracy or any political party goes ‘Ji Sir, ji Sir, ji ... Bilkul [absolutely] Sir, bilkul, bilkul ... Sain [right] Sir, sain ... Yes, Sir, yes ...’ Sometimes the inferiors run out of breath altogether and are reduced to little orgasmic gasps of deference and submission, until you want to slap both parties over the head with alternate volumes of Das Kapital.
20 Interview with the author, Karachi, 1/5/2009.
21 Interview with the author, Rawalpindi, 9/10/2001.
22 This is derived from Aristotle via Hegel, though somewhat misrepresents both.
23 Z. A. Bhutto, Foreign Policy of Pakistan (Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, Karachi, 1964), p. 13.
24 Ibid.
25 For a small example of the inflexible mindset of many Pakistani soldiers concerning Kashmir, see an article in the Pakistan military’s monthly magazine, Hilal, of August 2009: Colonel Dr Muhammad Javed, ‘Kashmir: An Unfinished Agenda of Partition’.
26 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 4/8/2008.
27 Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba (Columbia University Press, New York, 2010).
28 Hafiz Abdul Salam bin Muhammad, ‘Jihad in the Present Time’, http://web.archive.org/web/20030524100347/www.markazdawa.org.
29 Tankel, Storming the World Stage.
30 Nawaz, Crossed Swords, p. 551.
31 Mark Fitzpatrick (ed.), Nuclear Black Markets: Pakistan, A. Q. Khan and the Rise of Proliferation Networks (IISS, London, 2007), p. 116.
6 POLITICS
1 Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (Macmillan, London, 1970), p. 2.
2 Sir William Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official (1844; reprinted Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1980), p. 238.
3 Interview with the author, Jhang, 5/10/2002.
4 On Akram Khan Alizai; Mountstuart Elphinstone, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul (1819; reprinted Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 1998), vol. II, p. 285.
5 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 3/11/1990.
6 Interview with the author, Karachi, 23/10/1990.
7 Iqbal Akhund, Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2000), p. 135.
8 Interview with the author, Gujrat, 9/11/1988.
9 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 10/12/1988.
10 Readers may have noticed one