Piracy_ The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates - Adrian Johns [330]
2 For blow-by-blow accounts of these legislative battles, see B. Sherman and L. Bently, The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law: The British Experience, 176o-1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), and M. Coulter, Property in Ideas: The Patent 2uestion in Mid-Victorian Britain (Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1991).
3 D. Brewster, A Treatise of the Kaleidoscope (Edinburgh: forA. Constable and Co.; and Longman et al., London, 1819), 113-17, 134-35.
4 J. D. Collier, An Essay on the Law of Patents for New Inventions (London: for the author, and sold by Longman and Rees, 1803); Sherman and Bently, Making ofModern Intellectual Property Law, 107.
5 Coulter, Property in Ideas, 16-18.
6 W. R. Grove, "Suggestions for Improvements in the Administration of the Patent Law," The Jurist, n.s., 6 (January 28, 186o): 19-25, esp. 22.
7 Brewster, Treatise, 7; Description andMethod of Using the Patent Kaleidoscope Invented by Dr. Brewster (n.p., 1818); D. Brewster, The Kaleidoscope: Its History, Theory, and Construction (London: J. Murray, 1858), 6-7 and nI, 185-89; M. M. Gordon, The Home Life of, SirDavidBrewster (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1869), 95-99; M. Kemp, "`Philosophy in Sport' and the `Sacred Precincts': Sir David Brewster on the Kaleidoscope and Stereoscope," in Muse and Reason: The Relation ofArts and Sciences, r65o- 1850, ed. B. Castel, J. A. Leith, and A. W. Riley (Kingston, Ontario: Royal Society of Canada, 1994), 203-32; A. D. Morrison-Low, "Brewster and Scientific Instruments," in `Martyr of Science"• Sir David Brewster, r78r- i868, ed. A. D. Morrison-Low and J. R. R. Christie (Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Museum, 1984), 59-65, esp. 6o-6i; B. M. Stafford, Artful Science: Enlightenment Entertainment and the Eclipse of Visual Education (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994), 67,107-
8 S. Shapin, "Brewster and the Edinburgh Career in Science," in `Martyr of Science,"ed. Morrison-Low and Christie, 17-23.
9 Brewster to Babbage, February 12, 1830, in Gentlemen ofScience: Early Correspondence of the British Association for theAdvancement of Science, ed. J. Morrell and A. Thackray (London: Royal Historical Society, 1984), 24-25 (Brewster's emphasis).
10 [D. Brewster], "[Review of} Reflexions on the Decline ofScience in England," ~?uarterly Review 43 (1830): 305-42; [D. Brewster], "The Paris Exposition and the Patent Laws," North British Review 24 [American edition, vol. 19} (November 1855-February 1856),122-42, esp. 131.
11 Brewster to Whewell, November 4, 1830, in Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, ed. Morrell andThackray, 29-30.
12 J. Morrell and A. Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement ofScience (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 41-44.
13 Morrell and Thackray eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, 144; Morrell andThackray,Gentlemen ofScience:EarlyYears 259-6o;J.B. Morrell, "Brewster and the Early British Association for the Advancement of Science," in `Martyr of Science,"ed. Morrison-Low and Christie, 25-29. "Banditti" was one of Charles Johnson's (or Defoe's) words for pirates: see C. Johnson [i.e., D. Defoe?], A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1999 [orig. London, 17247), 30.
14 W. Whewell, review of Somerville, ~?uarterly Review ¢ (March 1834): 58- 6o; W. Whewell, Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (London: J. W. Parker, 1840), i:cxiii; S. Ross, "Scientist: The Story of aWord," Annals of Science 18 (1962): 65-85.
15 A. Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, andReformin RadicalLondon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1989), 15, 229-35; A. Johns, "The Ambivalence ofAuthorship in Early Modern Natural Philosophy," in ScientificAuthorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science, ed. M. Biagioli and P. Galison (NewYork: Routledge, 2003), 67-90, esp. 84-88. For the rise of scientific engineering, see C. Smith and M. N. Wise,