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15 Hart, Forged Consensus, 148-49.

16 Folk, Patents and Industrial Progress, 315; D.J. Kevles, "The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942-1945: A Political Interpretation of,Science-The Endless Frontier," Isis 68 (1977): 4-26; Kevles, Physicists, 341-66.

17 Kevles, "National Science Foundation," 13-14 n34.

18 Hart, Forged Consensus, 158 ff; Zachary, Endless Frontier, 232-34, 252-60, 327-34.

19 Vaughan, "Suppression and Non-working of Patents," 699-700; Hart, Forged Consensus, 140-43,186.

20 See G. P. Zachary, Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of theAmerican Century (New York: Free Press, 1997), 158.

21 R. K. Merton, "The Normative Structure of Science," in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical andEmpiricalInvestigations ed. N. Storer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 267-78, esp. 275; R. K. Merton, "Priorities in Scientific Discovery" (1957), repr. in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and EmpiricalInvestigations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973),286-324; R. K. Merton, "Fluctuations in the Rate of Industrial Invention," Quarterly Journal ofEconomics 49 (1935): 454-70, esp. 454; R. K. Merton, Mass Persuasion: The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive (New York: Harper, 1946); R. K. Merton, "The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property," Isis 79 (1988): 606-23, esp. 619-23; R. K. Merton, Social Theory andSocial Structure: Toward the Codification ofTheory and Research (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1949), 292; P. Lazarsfeld, `An Episode in the History of Social Research," in The TVariedSociology ofPaulF. Lazarsfeld, ed. P. L. Kendall (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 52; S. Heims, The Cybernetics Group (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), 183, 187-93; I. B. Cohen, "The Publication of Science, Technology and Society: Circumstances and Consequences," Isis 79 (1988): 571-82.

22 Plant's papers at the LSE provide ample evidence of the extent and detail of his researches in these matters: e.g., Plant folders 32, 453-57 (on patents), Plant folders 36-37, 41-42, 130, 210 (on copyright). His notes on the termpirate are in Plant folder 37. There is not space here to delve more deeply into them, but I hope to publish a study in due course.

23 Sir A. Plant, "The Economic Aspects of Copyright in Books" (1934) and "The Economic Theory concerning Patents for Invention" (1934), repr. in Plant,,Selected Economic Essays andAddresses (London: RKP for the Institute of Economic Affairs, 1974), 57-86 and 35-55.

24 Sir A. Plant, "The New Commerce in Ideas and Intellectual Property," in Plant, ,Selected Economic Essays andAddresses, 87-116.

25 W.T. Scott and M. X. Mole ski, Michael Polanyi: ,Scientist and Philosopher (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20o5). For the context, see D. Edger ton, Warfare State: Britain, -1920-1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

26 J. D. Bernal, The Social Function ofScience (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967 [orig. 19391),144-47.

27 M. Polanyi, "The Republic of Science," Minerva, (1962): 54-73; M. Polanyi, "Cultural Significance of Science," Nature 3717 (January 25,1940:119; M. Polanyi, "Rights and Duties of Science," Manchester School ofEconomic and Social Studies io (October 1939):175-93; M. Polanyi, "The Planning of Science," Political ~?uarterly 16 (1945): 316-28, esp. 323; M. Polanyi, "The Autonomy of Science," Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and PhilosophicalSociety 85 (1941-43), 19-38, esp. 30-36; M. Polanyi, "The Growth ofThought in Society," Economica, November 1941, 428-56, esp. 448; M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy (1958; repr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 237.

28 M. Polanyi, "Patent Reform," Review of EconomicStudies II (1944):61-76; Scott and Moleski, Polanyi, 182-209.

29 Cf Polanyipapers, University of Chicago Library, box 29, folder 9, pp. 209-26 (1944).

30 Polanyi papers, box 29, folders I, 5-8, and 11-12; M. Polanyi, Full Employment and Free Trade