Piracy_ The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates - Adrian Johns [343]
31 Polanyi papers, box 29, folder 5, unpaginated (Polanyi's emphases).
32 For an argument that modern military secrecy traces its genealogy to corporate trade secrets, see P. Galison, "Removing Knowledge," Critical Inquiry 31 (Autumn 2004), 229-43.
33 Polanyi papers, box 29, folder ,o, no. 8, p. i.
34 D. A. Mindell, Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Comput- ingbefore Cybernetics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), esp. 4-5,11-12.
35 F. Conway and J. Seigelman, Dark Hero of the InformationAge: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 52-59, 63-65, 73; Jackson to Compton, June 13,1931; September 12,1930; "Memorandum on American Telephone and Telegraph Company's Contributions" (n.d.); "Memorandum of discussion" (n.d.): all in MIT AC4/,5/8.
36 U.S. Patents 2,024,900, 2,124,599, and 2,128,257; Conway and Seigelman, Dark Hero, 76.
37 Lee to Wiener (telegram), July 3, 1930, MIT Norbert Wiener Papers (NWP), MC22/2/32; FCC, Report (1939),223-24; Bush to Lee, May14, 1931, MIT NWP, MC22/2/33; Bush to Lee, October ,9, 1931, MIT NWP MC22/2/34•
38 L. K. Clark to Y. W. Lee, February 12, 1932, MIT NWP, MC22/2/35; N. Wiener, I Am a Mathematician: The Later Life of a Prodigy (New York: Doubleday, 1956), 152-53; Lee to Wiener, September 7,1931, MIT NWP MC22/2/34; Lee to Wiener, June 14,1932, MIT NWP, MC22/2/34; Clark to Wiener, February 12,1932, MITNWP MC22/2/35.
39 J. G. Roberts to N. Wiener, September 26,1935, MIT NWP, MC22/3/43; Wiener to L. K. Clark, February 14,1936, MIT NWP, MC22/3/44; Y. W Lee to V. Bush, July 25, 1941, MIT MC22/4/6o; MITAC4/133; Conway and Seigelman, Dark Hero, 86, 88; Wiener, IAm a Mathematician, 133-35,273-75; E. Lee, A Letter to MyAunt (New York: Carlton Press, 1981), 5o8.
40 Mindell, Between Human and Machine, 42-43,50,53-54,6o-66,82,87, 277-88; Wiener, IAm a Mathematician, 190, 195, 244-54; N. Wiener, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Paris: Hermann et Cie; New York: Technology Press, 1948),12-20.
41 Heims, Cybernetics Group; K. Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 50-57.
42 Wiener, Cybernetics (1948), 36-39.
43 October 26, 1944, MITAC4/238/3; Conway and Seigelman, Dark Hero, 126-27,146-47.
44 N. Wiener, Invention: The Care and Feeding of Ideas (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); Conway and Seigelman, Dark Hero, 172-77-
45 Wiener, Invention, 5,14-15, 22, 25-36, 55-65, 67,77-114.
46 N. Wiener, The Human U'e of Human Beings: (ybernetics and Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1954), 128, 131.
47 Wiener, Invention, 127-39, 150-54.
48 Wiener, Invention, 67.
49 N. Wiener, Ex-Prodigy: My ChildhoodandYouth (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), 281.
5o O. Heaviside, Electrical Papers 2 vols. (London: MacMillan, 1892), rvi-vii, 1X-X; 2:119-24, 147; O. Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory, 3 vols. (London: "The electrician," 1893-1912),1:3-4, 443-45; B. A. Behrend, "The Work of Oliver Heaviside," in Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory, 3 vols. (New York: Chelsea Publishing, 1971), 1:469-504, esp. 485.
51 M. I. Pupin, "Wave Transmission over Non-uniform Cables and LongDistance Air-Lines," American Institute of Electrical Engineers Transactions 17 (1900): 445-512; U.S. Patents 652,230 (esp. p. 4), 652,231, and 761,995; Behrend, "Work of Oliver Heaviside," 487-88; FCC, Report (1939), 246. For the negative feedback amplifier, see Mindell, Between Human and Machine, 105-12,114-15,119 -22.
52 M. Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960 [1922]), 332-43; M. Pupin, Romance of the Machine (NewYork: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 72-77, 86-87.
53 B. A. Behrend to Wiener, September 6,1931; Rollo Appleyard to Wiener, September 23, 1931: both in MIT NWP MC22/2/34; Behrend to Wiener, November 6,1931, MIT MC22/2/34; Lee to Wiener, November 4, 1931,