Piracy_ The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates - Adrian Johns [344]
54 Wiener to O. Welles, June 28,1941, MIT NWP MC22/4/6o. Wiener was probably using the word "pirated" loosely here. His assertions were not usually made without some basis, and Heaviside's publishing history was indeed fraught, as he himself ruefully remarked more than once. But I have not been able to find instances of piracy, let alone a Chinese printing. Tsing Hua University does not seem to possess one.
55 N. Wiener, The Tempter (New York: Random House, 1959).
56 Wiener to Killian, December 2, r95r, MITAC4i238/3•
57 Conway and Seigelman, Dark Hero, 125-26, 203-5,217-34,273-75; Hayles, How We Became Posthuman, 75-
58 D. Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 1-16, gives an analysis of this ideal.
59 S. Shapin, The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 20o8), esp. chs. 4-5.
6o Compare J. Hughes, The Manhattan Project: BigScience and theAtom Bomb (Duxford, UK: Icon, 2002) on "big science."
15 THE PIRATE AT HOME AND AT LARGE
I A. Millard, America on Record.•A History of Recorded Sound (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 202-8.
2 A. Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), e.g., 129,114-36.
3 E.g., R. S. Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (London: Free Association Books, 1989), 69-ror; S. Lebergott, Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N .J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 110-21; j. C. Williams, "Getting Housewives the Electric Message: Gender and Energy Marketing in the EarlyTwentieth Century," in His and Hers: Gender, Consumption, and Technology, ed. R. Horowitz and A. Mohun (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998), 95-I13; L. Carlat, "A Cleanser for the Mind': Marketing Radio Receivers for the American Home, 1922-1932, " in His and Hers, ed. Horowitz and Mohun, 115-37.
4 R. R. Wile, "Record Piracy: The Attempts of the Sound Recording Industry to Protect Itself against Unauthorized Copying, 1890-1978," ARSC)ournal17, no. 1(1985):18-4o, esp. 19.
5 For the roots of this issue see L. Gitelman, Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999),131-33,139-47-
6 N. Cohodas, Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records (New York: St. Martin's, 2000),77-79; C. Heylin, Bootleg. The SecretHistory of the Other Recording Industry (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), 28-36;j. Fenby, Piracy and the Public: Forgery, Theft, and Exploitation (London: E. Muller, 1983),70-71; W. Livingstone, "Piracy in the Record Industry," Stereo Review 24, no. 3 (February 1970): 60-69.
7 Millard, America on Record, 226-35.
8 D. Morton, Off the Record: The Technology and Culture of ,Sound Recording in America (New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 136-43.
9 C. E. Smith, "Background to Bootlegging," Record Changer ii, no. i (January 1952): 3-4, 16.
Io Smith, "Background to Bootlegging"; D. Mahony et al., "The Labels of Dante Bolletino," Matrix 58 (April 1965): 3-29.
11 `Art and the Dollar," Record Changer Io, no. ii (November 1951): 7.
12 The controversy continued in Record Changer, vol. Io (1951), with contributions in virtually every issue. For the RCA revelation, see especially "Victor Presses Bootlegs!" Record Changer Io, no. ii (November 1951): 1, 6-7.
13 "Bootlegging: The Battle Rages," Record Changer Io, no. 12 (December 1951): 3-5; New York Herald Tribune, January 31,1952, 27.
14 I. K[olodin], "Masked `MaskedBall,"' ,Saturday Review October 27,1951,57.
15 "Striking the Jolly Roger," Time, February 11, 1952.
16 Livingstone, "Piracy,"