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Washington Post, June 16, 1982, Di. 39 P. E. Drucker, `Japan's Choices," Foreign Affairs 65, no. 5 (Summer 1987): 923-24; C. Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), 313-14.; M. Crichton, RisingSun (New York: Knopf, 1992); G. Friedman and M. Lebard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); P. Choate, Agents of Influence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990); R. Kearns, ZaibatsuAmerica: How JapaneseFirmsAre Colonizing Vital U.S. Industries (New York: Free Press, 1992). The definitive rebuttal of the whole genre is Economist editor Bill Emmott'sJapanophobia: The Myth of the Invincible Japanese (New York: Times Books, 1993).

40 C. Sims, "Wounded by Patent Piracy," New York Times, May 13, 1987, Di.

41 Kearns, ZaibatsuAmerica, 15-23; Y. Miwa and J. M. Ramseyer, The Fable of the Keiretsu: Urban Legends of theJapanese Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 54-58.

42 C. V. Prestowitz, Trading Places: How WeAllowedjapan to Take the Lead (NewYork: Basic, 1988),2o6-7,214; Lardner, Fast Forward, 238, 260.

43 "Sony's Morita Bashes Back," Business Week, October 16, 1989, 58; S. Wagstyl, "Chief of SonyTells Why It Bought a Part ofAmerica's Soul," Financial Times October 4,1989, 4.

44 Congressional Record, H8486-7; E3783-98 (November 13-14, 1989); E3952-2 (November 17,1989); New York Times, August 4, 1989, A7; F. Lewis, "Japan's Looking glass," New York Times, November 8, 1989, Aar, "Shintaro Gephardt," Wall StreetJournal, November 14, 1989, A22. For the Japanese context, see M. F. Low, "The Japan That Can Say No: The Rise ofTechno- Nationalism and Its Impact on Technological Change," in Technological Change: Methods and Themes in the History of Technology, ed. R. Fox (Amsterdam: OPA/Harwood, 1996),210-24.

45 N. Wade, `America's Japan Problem," New York Times, October 5, 1989, A3o; L. Summers, "ToughTalk fromTokyo: What to Do When Japan Says No," New York Times, December 3, 1989, A2; C. H. Farnsworth, "Japanese Author Brushes Up His Image withJourney to U.S. Enemy's Lair,"New York Times January 29, 1990, A16.

46 S. Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No, trans. F. Baldwin (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 8-12, 141,145; New York Times January 18, 199o, D8.

47 H. S. Becker, Art Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).

48 G. Davies, Piracy ofPhonograms, 2nd ed. (Oxford: ESC Publishing, for European Commission, 1986), 7-8,12-13, 16,33-35; R. Wallace, "Crisis? What Crisis?" Rolling Stone 318 (May 29,1980):17,28,30-31; G. Davies (for IFPI), The Private Copying of Phonograms and Vdeograms (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1984), 17-18, 22-23, 34.

49 P. Manuel, Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in Northern India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 65, 67-69,79,83,85-88, 148-49. I am grateful to Ravi Sundaram of the Sarai project in Delhi for a presentation entitled "The Copy Itself" that he gave at the University of Chicago in early 2007. In print, see his "Uncanny Networks: Pirate and Urban in the New Globalisation in India," Economic and Political Weekly, January 6, 2004.

5o M. Foucault, "The Revolt in Iran Spreads on Cassette Tapes," in J. Afary and K. B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 216-20, esp. 219; A. Stille, The Future of the Past (NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 182-99.

16 FROM PHREAKING TO FUDDING

I D. Campbell, `Are Telephones Addictive?" New Scientist 6o, no. 876 (December 13,1973): 756-60, esp. 758; B. Sterling, The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (New York: Bantam, 1992), 12-14.

2 C. Breen and C. A. Dahlbom, "Signaling Systems for Control ofTele- phone Switching," Bell System Technical Journal, 39, no. 6 (November 1960): 1381-1444.

3 S. Wozniak and G. Smith, iWoz (New York: W. W. Norton, 2oo6), raj; http://www.webcrunchers.com/crunch/.

4 B. Levin, The Pirates and the Mouse: Disneys War against the Counterculture (Seattle: Fantagraphics,