Piracy_ The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates - Adrian Johns [347]
5 A. Hoffman, Steal This Book (New York: Pirate Editions, 1971),119,144.
6 Radical Software 1 (1970), r: www.radicalsoftware.org.
7 Youth International Party Line i (June 1971); 8 (February 1972); editor's page at http://cheshirecatalyst.com/tap.html.
8 C. M. Kelty, Two Bits: The Cultural, Significance ofFree Software (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008), 28-29.
9 Campbell, `Are Telephones Addictive?"
10 R. Rosenbaum, "Secrets of the Little Blue Box," Esquire, October 1971, 117-25, 222-26.
11 S. Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Penguin, 2001 [19841), 50-52, 94-95.
12 J. Markoff, What the Dormouse Said.- How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry (New York: Viking, 2005), 85-87; Levy, Hackers, 23, 39-49, 6o, 88,124-36.
13 T.J. Sturgeon, "How Silicon Valley Came to Be," in UnderstandingSilicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, ed. M. Kenney (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000), 15-47, esp. 44.
14 Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 94-97,103-4.
15 Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 28, 116; Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 70; T. Roszak, From Satori to Silicon Valley (San Francisco: Don't Call It Frisco Press, 1986), 8-9.
16 T. Nelson, Computer Lib/Dream Machines (Chicago: T. Nelson, 1974), DMX; M. Orth, "Whole Earth $ $ $ Demise Continues," RollingStone, March 16,1972; Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 69-73, 78-97, 1,3-14; Levy, Hackers '59.
17 T. Albright and C. Perry, "The Last Twelve Hours of the Whole Earth," RollingStone, July 8,1971; Levy, Hackers, 197-98; Markoff, What the DormouseSaid, 197-99, 261-62.
18 Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 275-87.
19 I. Illich, Deschooling Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1971),77; I. Illich, Tools for Conviviality (New York: Harper & Row,1973), 18-21.
20 Illich, Tools for Conviviality, 11-12, 16, 43, ro9; DeschoolingSociety, 19-20, 72-104. Giap was the South Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap; ITT was International Telephone and Telegraph, a conglomerate originating in telephony patents and associated with conservative causes, including the anti-Allende conspiracy in Chile.
21 Nelson, Computer Lib/D ream Machine. CL59, DM3, DM58;T. Nelson, Literary Machines, 5th ed. (Swarthmore, Pa.: T. Nelson, 1983),2/35,2/37-38, 2/54, 4/4-6. For the relation between classical U. S. Mill) liberalism and hacker ideologies, see E. G. Coleman, "The Social Construction of Freedom in Free and Open-Source Software: Hackers, Ethics, and the Liberal Tradition" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2005), 196-200.
22 Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter 2, no. 13 (January r9,1977), 3. For Felsenstein's debt to Illich, see "Convivial Cybernetic Devices: From VacuumTube Flip-Flops to the Singing Altair,"AnalyticalEngine 3, no. i (November 1995), at http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew.
23 Levy, Hackers, 186.
24 Wozniak and Smith, iWoz, 28-29,93-111; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 271-73; Levy, Hackers, 244-46. See also Wozniak's own reminiscences at www.woz.org.
25 Levy, Hackers 251-54, 271-74; Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 115; Markoff, What the Dormouse Said, 275-87.
26 B. Gates, 'An Open Letter to Hobbyists,"Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter 2, no. i (January 3r, 1976). See also S. Manes and P. Andrews, Gates: How Microsofts Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Made Himself the Richest Man inAmerica (New York: Doubleday, 1993), 9r-96, and (for a more slanted reading) J. Wiley and J. Erickson, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire (New York: Wiley,1992), 1o 1-7.
27 Levy, Hackers, 230.
28 The most thoroughgoing argument for the transformative economic effect of networks is Y. Benkler, The Wealth ofNetworks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006).
29 For the elaborate synthetic realities that these have developed into, see E. Castronova, Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
3o H. Rheingold, The Virtual Community: