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Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment,” Human Relations 56 (2003): 1213–1232; Tim Field, “Workplace Bullying: The Silent Epidemic,” British Medical Journal 326 (2003): 776–777.

21. Ryan Lizza, “The Gatekeeper: Rahm Emanuel on the Job,” The New Yorker, March 2, 2009.

22. Michael Powell and Russ Buetnner, “In Matters Big and Small, Crossing Giuliani Had Price,” New York Times, January 22, 2008.

23. Stan Sesser, “A Reporter at Large: A Nation of Contradictions,” The New Yorker, January 13, 1992.

24. David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 149.

25. See, for instance, John E. Hunter and Frank L. Schmidt, “Intelligence and Job Performance: Economic and Social Implications,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2 (1996): 447–472.

26. Tarmo Strenze, “Intelligence and Socioeconomic Success: A Meta-Analytic Review of Longitudinal Research,” Intelligence 35 (2007): 401–426. The quoted number comes from page 411.

27. Ibid. Their meta-analysis finds a correlation of just .09 between academic performance and income, meaning that less than 1 percent of the variation in income can be attributed to variation in academic performance while in school.

28. Walter Kirn, “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Aptitude,” New York Times Magazine, July 5, 2009, 11–12.

29. See, for instance, Stephane Cote and Christopher T. H. Miners, “Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence, and Job Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 51 (2006): 1–28.

30. Tim Weiner, “Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93,” New York Times, July 7, 2009.

3. Choosing Where to Start

1. William L. Moore and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “The Relationship Between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries,” Research in Higher Education 13 (1980): 291–306.

2. John E. Sheridan, John W. Slocum Jr., Richard Buda, and Richard C. Thompson, “Effects of Corporate Sponsorship and Department Power on Career Tournaments,” Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990): 578–602.

3. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Managing with Power (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), 58.

4. Jeffrey Pfeffer, “The Importance of Being in the Right Unit,” ibid.

5. The material on Zia Yusuf comes from a case I wrote. See “Zia Yusuf at SAP: Having Impact,” Stanford, CA: Graduate School of Business, Case no. OB-73, February 3, 2009.

6. John Hagel and John Seely Brown, “How SAP Seeds Innovation,” BusinessWeek, July 23, 2008.

7. Finance’s rise to power at Ford Motor is described in David Halberstam’s book, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

8. Ibid., 256.

9. Pfeffer, “The Importance of Being in the Right Unit.”

10. Ibid.; see also D. J. Hickson, C. R. Hinings, C. A. Lee, R. E. Schneck, and J. M. Pennings, “A ‘Strategic Contingencies’ Theory of Intraorganizational Power,” Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229; C. R. Hinings, D. J. Hickson, J. M. Pennings, and R. E. Schneck, “Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power,” Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 22–44; Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University,” Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 453–473.

11. Neil Fligstein, “The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919–1979,” American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44–58.

12. Halberstam, The Reckoning.

13. Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making (London: Tavistock Institute, 1973).

14. David Krackhardt, “Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

15. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Competitive Advantage Through People (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994), 52.

16. John W. Dean III, Blind Ambition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976),