Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [215]
15 “Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the United States Army during the Spanish War,” MR, 59 (Jan. 19, 1901), 98.
16 “School of Tropical Medicine,” DMN, Feb. 5, 1899, 8. Reprinted from BS. See Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), 462–92. For a marvelous analysis of the anxieties involved in U.S. colonial medicine in the Philippines, see Warwick Anderson, “The Trespass Speaks: White Masculinity and Colonial Breakdown,” American Historical Review, 102 (1997): 1343–70.
17 Azel Ames, M.D., “Compulsory Vaccination Essential. The Example of Porto Rico,” MN, Apr. 19, 1902, 722. James C. Scott has argued that a central challenge of modern states is “to make a society legible, to arrange the population in ways that simplified the classic state functions of taxation, conscription, and prevention of rebellion.” This process was particularly important in colonial spaces, such as the U.S.-controlled Philippines, where the terrain and its people were at first so little known to the colonizers. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 2.
18 On public health and police power, see esp. William J. Novak, The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 191–233. See also Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); James A. Tobey, Public Health Law.
19 When the global eradication campaign came in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be an enormous international effort, overseen by the World Health Organization, with the United States playing one of several leading roles. See Ian Glynn and Jenifer Glynn, The Life and Death of Smallpox; D. A. Henderson, Smallpox.
20 Whitman quoted in Ira M. Rutkow, Bleeding Blue and Gray: Civil War Surgery and the Evolution of American Medicine (New York: Random House, 2005), 232; see ibid., 217–18. George M. Sternberg, “Medical Department,” in DODGECOM, vol. 1, 179. Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, 20–30, esp. 30.
21 Dr. Carroll Dunham, “Medical and Sanitary Aspects of the War,” American Monthly Review of Reviews, 18 (October 1898), 417. DODGECOM, vol. 1, 265. Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, 32–33.
22 Roosevelt in “Military Surgeons Meet,” NYT, June 6, 1902, 6. The Military Laws of the United States, 4th ed. (Washington, 1901), 350–65. See Edgar Erskine Hume, “The United States Army Medical Department and Its Relation to Public Health,” SCI, new ser., 74 (1931): 465–76; and Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department, 1865–1917 (Washington: U.S. Army, 1995); Champe C. McCulloch, Jr., “The Scientific and Administrative Achievement of the Medical Corps of the United States Army,” Scientific Monthly, 4 (1917), 410–27.
23 George M. Sternberg, A Text-Book of Bacteriology, 2d ed. (1896; New York: William Wood and Company, 1901). Martha L. Sternberg, George Miller Sternberg: A Biography (Chicago: American Medical Association 1920). See Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, 20–30.
24 “Officers of the Medical Department of the Army shall not be entitled, by virtue of their rank, to command in the line or in other staff corps.” Military Laws, 353. Line officer quoted in Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, 4. Whitman quoted in M. Jimmie Killingsworth, The Cambridge Introduction to Walt Whitman (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 9.
25 USMCSW. For a very thoughtful treatment of this issue, see Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books, 2006), 22–30.
26 DODGECOM, vol. 1, 113, 169.
27 Hoff quoted in Anderson, Colonial Pathologies, 30. See Sternberg, “Medical Department,” 169–70, esp. 170; Sternberg in DODGECOM, vol. 1, 113.
28 Hoyt quoted in Anderson,