Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [227]
81 Robert N. Willson, “Abstract of an Analysis of Fifty-Two Cases of Tetanus Following Vaccinia: with Reference to the Source of Infection,” Proceedings of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, vol. 23 (Philadelphia, 1902), 157, 162, 165.
82 Untitled item on McFarland’s appointment, MN, Feb. 9, 1901, 225. The significant changes were matters primarily of tone, as McFarland more resolutely stated his argument that a single make of vaccine, corrupted with tetanus, had caused the outbreaks at Camden and elsewhere.
83 Joseph McFarland, “Tetanus and Vaccination—An Analytical Study of Ninety-Five Cases of This Rare Complication,” Proceedings of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, vol. 23 (Philadelphia, 1902) [hereafter McFarland, Proceedings], 166, 171. Joseph McFarland, “Tetanus and Vaccination: An Analytical Study of 95 Cases of the Complication,” Lancet, Sept. 13, 1902 [hereafter McFarland, Lancet], 730.
84 McFarland, Proceedings, 168, 169. See, for example: “Death Follows Vaccination,” NOP, Dec. 15, 1893, 4; “Vaccination, Lockjaw, and Death,” NYT, May 29, 1894, 2. McFarland also implied that attempts were made to “suppress” cases “at the present time,” and perhaps also in the past. McFarland, Proceedings, 168.
85 McFarland, Proceedings, 169.
86 McFarland also considered, and rejected, the (plausible) argument that the recent introduction of shields, to cover vaccination wounds, had contributed to the occurrence of tetanus. The argument was that the shields created just the sort of anaerobic environment where tetanus bacilli thrived. But McFarland pointed out that in very few of the reported cases had shields even been used. McFarland, Proceedings, 171.
87 McFarland, Proceedings, 173, 174. McFarland, Lancet, 733.
88 McFarland, Proceedings, 174, 175.
89 USROSENAU, 6–7. See also John H. Huddleston, “Tetanus and Vaccine Virus,” Pediatrics, 16 (Feb. 1904), 65–71.
90 William Osler, The Principles and Practice of Medicine, 4th ed. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1901), 231. McFarland, Proceedings, 177. Today, the Centers for Disease Control places the normal incubation period at “3 to 21 days, usually about eight days,” adding: “In general the further the site is from the central nervous system, the longer incubation period. The shorter the incubation period, the higher the chance of death.” (Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 10th ed. (2008), 72. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/tetanus-508.pdf, accessed February 23, 2009.)
91 “Virus, Antitoxins, and Serums,” NYT, Apr. 14, 1902, 8. The Congressional Record documents no debate on the legislation. JCSP, General Correspondence, Boxes 51–54.
92 Public Law No. 244, “An act to regulate the sale of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products in the District of Columbia, to regulate interstate traffic in said articles, and for other purposes,” 32 Stat. L., 728, approved July 1, 1902.
93 Kondratas, “Biologics Control Act,” 17.
94 Kondratas, “Biologics Control Act,” 18–19. John Parascandola, “The Public Health Service and the Control of Biologics,” PHR, 110 (Nov. /Dec. 1995), 774–75. Milstein, “Strengthening the Science Base,” 176.
95 “The Best Vaccine,” BG, Jun. 15, 1903, 6. Barbara Gutman Rosenkrantz, Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842–1936 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 123–27. “The Bacteriologic Laboratory,” CMJ, 2 (Jan. 1903), 37–38.
96 Kondratas, “Biologics Control Act,” 19–20. Liebenau, Medical Science and Medical Industry.
97 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906, approved June 30, 1906, 34 U.S. Stats. 768.
98 “Statement of Dr. C. T. Sowers, of Washington, D.C.,” Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of Representatives on Bills Relating to Health Activities of the General Government,