Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [228]
99 “Smallpox in New Jersey,” PMJ, 9 (Jan. 11, 1902), 50. “Smallpox in Camden,” ibid., 9 (Mar 1, 1902), 466.
SIX: THE POLITICS OF TIGHT SPACES
1 “Doctors Make a Raid: Many Persons in Little Italy Are Forcibly Vaccinated,” NYT, Feb. 2, 1901,1, 10. None of the Caballo family members, nor Antoinette Alvena, appeared in the 1900 or 1910 census. I was unable to find any further information about them.
2 “Doctors Make a Raid.” See also “Smallpox in Little Italy,” NYT, Jan. 31, 1901, 2. “The Weather,” ibid., Feb. 2, 1901, 3.
3 Blauvelt in “Smallpox Scare Is Unwarranted,” NYT, Dec. 29, 1900, 8. See also “New York Library’s Record,” ibid., Jan. 9, 1901, 8; “Smallpox Scare’s Hardships,” ibid., Dec. 29, 1900, 8; “Over a Thousand Vaccinated,” ibid., Jan. 18, 1901, 2; and “Smallpox Rumors Hurt Trade,” NYTRIB, Jan. 8, 1901, 2.
4 Blauvelt in “Army of Vaccinators,” NYT, Dec. 25, 1900, 4.
5 On the social and cultural history of Italian Harlem, see Robert A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950, 2d ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).
6 “War on Disease Germs,” NYT, Jul. 7, 1900, 5. Jacob August Riis, The Children of the Poor (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), 24. John Duffy, The Sanitarians, 207.
7 Dillingham quoted in “Small-Pox, Hid, Now Breaks Out,” NYEW, Jan. 31, 1901, 3. “Smallpox in ‘Little Italy,’” NYTRIB, Feb. 1, 1901, 3. “Smallpox in Little Italy,” NYT, Jan. 31, 1901, 2. “Doctors Make a Raid.”
8 “Doctors Make a Raid.”
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid. Orsi, Madonna, esp. 21–24, 35.
11 “Doctors Make a Raid.”
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 United States Constitution, Article II, Section 1. For a concise overview of Italian immigration during this period, see Rudolph J. Vecoli, “The Italian Diaspora, 1876–1976,” in The Cambridge History of World Migration, ed. Robin Cohen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 114–22.
15 U.S. Treasury Department, Immigration Laws and Regulations (Washington, 1900), esp. 12. U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Immigration, Immigration Laws and Regulations (Washington, 1904). Walter T. K. Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914, reprint ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 27–33.
16 William Pencak, “General Introduction,” in Immigration to New York, ed. William Pencak et al. (Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press, 1991), xiii. Mary Elizabeth Brown, “ ‘. . . The Adoption of the Tactics of the Enemy’: The Care of Italian Immigrant Youth in the Archdiocese of New York During the Progressive Era,” in ibid., 109–10. Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers, esp. 51–52.
17 Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Age of Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I (New York: NYU Press, 1988), 155–57. See also William J. Rorabaugh et al., America’s Promise: A Concise History of the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004), 400. Nugent, Crossings, 31–33. On steerage journeys from Asia to San Francisco, see Robert Eric Barde, Immigration at the Golden Gate: Passenger Ships, Exclusion, and Angel Island (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008).
18 Journalist quoted in Nancy Foner, From Ellis Island to JFK: New York’s Two Great Waves of Immigration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 31; ibid., 29–32.
19 “Carriers by Water—Their Relations with Passengers,” CLJ, 52 (Jan. 25, 1901), 66. U.S. Treasury Department, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Handbook for the Ship’s Medicine Chest, by George W. Stoner, 2d ed. (Washington, 1904), 24. “U.S. Quarantine Laws and Regulations,” in USSGPHMHS 1894, 242. 29th U.S. Congress, 1st Session, H.R. Doc. No. 182, “Surgeons on Packet Ships,” Apr. 6, 1846, 2. See “Smallpox at Sea” [from London Times], NYT, Aug. 4, 1891; “Pestship in the Offing,” ibid., Aug. 29, 1896, 9.
20 Excerpt from Annual Report of the Commissioners of Immigration, State of New York (1868), in Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records, ed. Edith Abbott (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,