Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [229]
21 Congressional debate on “A Bill to Regulate the Carriage of Passengers by Sea,” in Abbott, ed., Immigration, 54, 53. 47th Congress, 1st Session, H.R. Doc. No. 118, “Introduction of Contagious and Infectious Diseases into the United States,” Mar. 13, 1882, 2. “Vaccinating Immigrants: A New Move by the National Board of Health,” WP, Aug. 31, 1881, 4. On the 1878 law, see U.S. Department of State, Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries (Washington, 1887), vol. 2: 1865–1866.
22 “Report of the Health-Officer of the Port of New York,” SCI, 13 (Apr. 19, 1889), 304. “Vaccination of Immigrants,” MR, Nov. 11, 1882, 550.
23 F. Scrimshaw to William Tebb, May 7, 1883, in William Tebb, Compulsory Vaccination in England: With Incidental References to Foreign States (London: E. W. Allen, 1884), 48. On New York, see “An Act for the Protection of the Public Health,” in Department of State, Commercial Relations of the United States, vol. 2: 1929–30. On Boston, see O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Company, 154 MA 272 (1891). California had long had such a policy for San Francisco, but it only applied to ships with smallpox aboard or ships arriving from an infected port. See “Health and Quarantine Regulations for the City and Harbor of San Francisco,” CALBOH 1890–92, 192–98.
24 See Jimmy Casas Klausen, “Room Enough: America, Natural Liberty, and Consent in Locke’s Second Treatise,” Journal of Politics, 69 (2007), 760–69.
25 O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Company, 154 MA 272 (1891). This accounts draws upon the records from the case—including the plaintiff ’s list of exceptions and the briefs from both sides—in Massachusetts Reports, Papers and Briefs, SLL.
26 O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Company, 154 MA 272 (1891).
27 O’Brien also claimed that the vaccination had been negligently performed, causing an eruption of blisters over her body. The Supreme Judicial Court absolved the Cunard Steamship Company from any responsibility, insisting that under the federal law steamship companies had done all that was required when they provided a competent medical practitioner; “[t] he work the physician or surgeon does in such cases is under the control of the passengers themselves.” O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Company, 154 MA 272, 276 (1891).
28 “The United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service,” JAMA, 43 (1904): 809–11.
29 “United States Quarantine Laws and Regulations,” USSGPHMHS 1894, 252, 247, 240–41.
30 Alan M. Kraut, “Plagues and Prejudice: Nativism’s Construction of Disease in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century New York City,” in Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City, ed. David Rosner (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 65–90, esp. 69.
31 “Smallpox on Cunard Liner,” NYT, June 19, 1900, 7. This practice continued for years. See “Vaccinate 1,045 Immigrants,” ibid., Oct. 25, 1909, 4. See Samuel W. Abbott, “Vaccination,” in A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, vol. 8: 147.
32 Amy L. Fairchild, Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 125.
33 Alfred C. Reed, “Going Through Ellis Island,” PSM, Jan. 1913, 5–18. Kraut, “Plagues and Prejudice,” 69. Nancy Foner, et al., eds., Immigration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000), 96–99.
34 USSGPHMHS 1903, 20. Kraut, “Plagues and Prejudice,” 69, 70. Kraut, Silent Travelers, 55.
35 PHR, 14 (Feb. 24, 1899), 240, 241.
36 PHR, 14 (Mar. 3, 1899), 281. Ibid., 14 (Mar. 24, 1899), 390. Ibid., 14 (Feb. 24, 1899), 242. Ibid., 14 (Mar. 10, 1899), 311. Ibid., 14 (Mar. 31, 1899), 423. See Carlos E. Cuéllar, “Laredo Smallpox Riot,” Handbook of Texas Online, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/LL/jcl1.html (accessed April 15, 2009). See also John McKiernan, “Fevered Measures: