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22. Nash JM. Grains of hope. Time, July 31, 2000:39–46.

23. Potrykus I. Nutritionally enhanced rice to compete [sic] malnutrition disorders of the poor (handout). From Agricultural Biotechnology: The Road to Improved Nutrition and Increased Production? (conference), Boston, Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy, November 2, 2001.

24. Potrykus I. Golden Rice and beyond. Plant Physiology 2001;125:1157–1161.

25. Greenpeace. Background information: the false promise of genetically engineered rice, February 2001. Haerlin B. GE rice is fool’s gold, February 9, 2001. Khoo M. Greenpeace demands false biotech advertising be removed from TV, February 9, 2001, at www.greenpeace.org/usa.

26. The Potrykus group said the rice contained 1.6 micrograms (µg) beta-carotene per gram (g), but thought 2 µg/g realistic. The U.S. standard for vitamin A is 300 µg per day for children aged one to three years, 700 µg for adult women, and 900 µg for adult men. At a conversion rate of 12 µg beta-carotene to 1 µg vitamin A, the beta-carotene standard is 3,600 (12 × 300) µg for young children; 8,400 (12 × 700) µg for women; and 10,800 (12 × 900) µg for men. If Golden Rice contains 2 µg per g beta-carotene, the amounts are halved. Children would need to eat 1,800 g rice (4 lb); women 4,200 g (9 lb); and men 5,400 g (12 lb) a day to meet the U.S. standard for vitamin A. Rice is cooked in twice its volume of added water (example: 1 cup raw rice plus 2 cups water to yield 3 cups cooked rice). Therefore, the amounts of cooked rice are 12, 27, and 36 lb per day, respectively. Lower conversion ratios reduce these amounts.

27. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001:65–126.

28. Potrykus I. “Genetically engineered ‘Golden Rice’ is fool’s gold”: response from Prof. Ingo Potrykus. Ag BioTech InfoNet, February 10, 1001. Online: www.biotech-info.net/IP_response.html.

29. Conway G. Grain of hope. Guardian (London), March 21, 2001. Online: www.guardian.co.uk.

30. Olson JA. Carotenoids. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, et al., eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998:525–541. Also: Torun B, Chew F. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (1998:963–988).

31. Nestle M. Genetically engineered “golden” rice unlikely to overcome vitamin A deficiency (letter). J Am Dietetic Association 2001;101:289–290. This letter points out that beta-carotene itself raises questions. Food sources of beta-carotene protect against cancer and heart disease, but supplements do not and may be harmful or beneficial depending on circumstances. The health effects of adding this single nutrient to rice endosperm are uncertain.

32. Filteau SM, Tomkins AM. Promoting vitamin A status in low-income countries. Lancet 1999;353;1458–1460. Summer A, Davidson FR, Ramakrishnan U, et al. Twenty-five years of progress in controlling vitamin A deficiency: looking to the future. Proceedings of the XX International Vitamin A Consultative Group Meeting, Hanoi, Vietnam, February 12–15, 2001. J Nutrition 2002;132(9 suppl):2843S–2990S.

33. Potrykus I. Golden Rice and the Greenpeace dilemma. Ag BioTech InfoNet, February 15, 2001. Online: www.biotech-info.net/2_IP_response.html.

CHAPTER 6. RISKS AND BENEFITS: WHO DECIDES?

1. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. Public Sentiment about Genetically Modified Food, June 21–23, 2001, at www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=32822. The survey included 1,231 adults.

2. International Food Information Council. U.S. Consumer Attitudes toward Food Biotechnology, November 2001. Wirthlin Group Quorum conducted five surveys from 1997 to 2001; Cogent Research conducted the September 2001 telephone survey of about 1,000 adults.

3. OTA. New Developments in Biotechnology: Public Perceptions of Biotechnology (OTA-BP-BA-45), 1987. Also see: Zimmerman