Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [48]
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5. Cum deÅ antõÅquõÅs loquaÅris, uÅtere antõÅqua lõÅbertaÅte, aÅ quaÅ vel magis deÅgeneraÅvimus quam ab eÅloquentiaÅ.
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6. Ipse Pompeius, ab inimõÅcõÅs Caesaris incitaÅtus et quod neÅminem dõÅgnitaÅte secum exaequaÅrõÅ voleÅbat, toÅtum seÅ ab eÅius amõÅcitiaÅ
aÅverterat.
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7. VeÅrum tamen homineÅs, quamvõÅs in turbidõÅs reÅbus sint, sõÅ modo homineÅs sunt, interdum animõÅs relaxantur.
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Vocabulary
tum (adv.)
then
deÅnique (adv.)
®nally, at last
inter®cioÅ, inter®cere
kill
neÅmoÅ, neÅminis
nobody
improbus, -a, -um
base, depraved
perditus, -a, -um
ruined, desperate
similis, -e
similar ( gen.)
ideoÅ
for this reason
ef®cax, -aÅcis
effective
oÅraÅtioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
speech
auris, auris, -ium, f.
ear
iuÅdicoÅ, iuÅdicaÅre
to judge
voluptaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
pleasure
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
pervenioÅ, pervenõÅre
arrive, come to
interitus, -uÅs, m.
death, destruction
auctor, -oÅris, m.
creator, producer
quidem
indeed
saluÅs, -uÅtis, f.
health, safety
lõÅbertaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
freedom
dõÅgnitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
dignity, prestige
consistoÅ, consistere
rest upon
aggredior, aggredõÅ, aggressus sum
approach
disputoÅ, disputaÅre
argue, dispute
antiquus, -a, -um
ancient, old
loquor, loquõÅ, locuÅtus sum
speak
uÅtor, uÅtõÅ, uÅsus sum ( abl.)
make use of
deÅgeneroÅ, deÅgeneraÅre
degenerate
eÅloquentia, -ae, f.
eloquence
Pompeius, -õÅ, m.
Pompeius
incitaÅtus, -a, -um
roused, incited
inimõÅcus, -a, -um
enemy
Caesar, -aris, m.
Caesar
exaequoÅ, exaequaÅre
make level or equal
amõÅcitia, -ae, f.
friendship
aÅvertoÅ, aÅvertere
turn away
veÅrum
but
turbidus, -a, -um
violently disturbed
modo (adv.)
at least, only
interdum (adv.)
sometimes
animus, -õÅ, m.
mind, spirit
relaxoÅ, relaxaÅre
relax
Purpose Clauses
Purpose clauses express the purpose or reason for an action. Like causal clauses, they answer the question ``why?''
They are introduced by the conjunction ut or, if negated, by the conjunction neÅ, and they take the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence.
MõÅliteÅs urbem vincent ut reÅx capiaÅtur. The soldiers will conquer the city in order that the king may be captured.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
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MõÅliteÅs urbe võÅceÅrunt neÅ reÅx fugeret.
The soldiers conquered the city in order
that the king might not ¯ee.
Indirect Commands
Indirect commands follow verbs of commanding, requesting, begging, etc. They express the content of the command or request and answer the question ``what,' i.e.,
` what did he command?''
They are introduced by the conjunction ut and negated with neÅ, and take the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence.
ReÅx imperat ut mõÅliteÅs urbem vincant. The king orders that the soldiers conquer the city.
ReÅx oÅraÅbat neÅ mõÅliteÅs urbem vincerent. The king was begging that the soldiers not conquer the city.
Result Clauses
Result clauses express the result of an action or state. They are introduced by ut and take the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence: Tam miser est ut claÅmet.
He is so wretched that he shouts.
Ita claÅmaÅvit ut pueri timeÅrent.
He shouted in such a way that the
children were afraid.
Usually the main clause before a result clause contains an intensifying word such as ita or tam that triggers the result.
Unlike purpose clauses and indirect