Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [49]
The poet sang so sweetly that we were
loquõÅ noÅn posseÅmus.
not able to speak.
A result clause may also be the subject or object of certain verbs: ReÅx effeÅcit ut lõÅbertaÅs deÅleÅreÅtur.
The king brought it about that liberty
was destroyed.
In this sentence the clause ut lõÅbertaÅs deÅleÅreÅtur is actually the direct object of the verb effeÅcit.
Accidit ut reÅx deÅmentissimus sit.
It happens that the king is extremely
insane.
In this sentence the clause ut reÅx deÅmentissimus sit is the subject of the verb accidit. In such cases the clause is called a substantive result clause, because the clause acts as a noun within its sentence.
130
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
Fear Clauses
Fear clauses express fears. They use the conjunctions ut and neÅ but with reverse meanings from the clauses above. Ut expresses negative fears, and neÅ expresses positive fears.
TimeÅbaÅmus neÅ reÅx lõÅbertaÅtem deÅleÅreÅt. We were afraid that the king would destroy liberty.
TimeÅmus ut mõÅliteÅs veniant.
We are afraid that the soldiers are not
coming.
Sometimes a fear clause may begin with neÅ and then be negated with noÅn: TimeÅmus neÅ mõÅliteÅs noÅn veniant.
We are afraid that the soldiers are not
coming.
Clauses of Prevention
Certain verbs with meanings of prevention or hindrance take clauses of prevention.
They are introduced by the conjunction neÅ or quoÅminus and take the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence:
ReÅx mõÅliteÅs impedõÅvit quoÅminus
The king prevented the soldiers from
urbem caperent.
capturing the city.
If the main clause is negated, the prevention clause may be introduced by quõÅn: ReÅx noÅn impediet quõÅn mõÅliteÅs
The king will not prevent the soldiers
urbem capiant.
from capturing the city.
Clauses of Doubting
Doubt is expressed in two ways in Latin. If the expression of doubt is not negated, it will take the form of an indirect question (see p. 153). If the expression of doubt is negated, it takes a clause of doubting introduced by the conjunction quõÅn: NoÅn dubitoÅ quõÅn mõÅliteÅs urbem
I do not doubt that the soldiers captured
ceÅperint.
the city.
In this example the perfect subjunctive expresses time prior to that of the main verb in primary sequence.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
131
Clauses of Proviso
Clauses of proviso give a condition for the main clause. They take the subjunctive and are introduced by the following conjunctions:
dum
provided that
modo
provided that
dummodo
provided that
ReÅx populoÅ aurum doÅnaÅbit dummodoÅ The king will give money to the people mõÅliteÅs urbem capiant.
provided that the soldiers capture the
city.
Exercises
3. Translate the following. Then identify the type of subordinate clause in each sentence.
1. Populus timet neÅ avaÅritia reÅgis regnum deÅleat.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. PoeÅta timeÅbat neÅ avaÅritia regnum deÅleÅvisset.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. ReÅx poeÅtaÅs deÅterret quoÅminus libroÅs scrõÅbant.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. ReÅx mõÅliteÅs noÅn deÅterreÅbit quõÅn poeÅtaÅs inter®ciant.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. RoÅmaÅnõÅ noÅn dubitaÅbant quõÅn imperium esset maximum bonoÅrum.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. PoeÅta reÅgeÅm oÅraÅbant neÅ librõÅ deÅleÅrentur.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. ReÅx libroÅs noÅn deÅleÅbit modo mõÅliteÅs poeÅtaÅs inter®ciant.
______________________________________________________