Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [54]
AmoÅ nihil quod puerõÅs noceat.
I love nothing (of the sort) which harms
children.
Relative clauses of characteristic are often found with such general expressions as Is est quõÅ
He is (the sort) who
Sunt quõÅ
There are those (of the sort) who
NemoÅ est quõÅ
There is no one (of the sort) who
Nihil est quod
There is nothing (of the sort) which
However, they may just as often have speci®c antecedents: Cicero erat quõÅ litteraÅs amaÅret.
Cicero was (the sort of person) who
loved letters.
Other relative clauses that take the subjunctive correspond more closely to some of the subordinate clauses described above.
RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
A relative clause with the subjunctive, often after a verb of motion or action, can express purpose:
ReÅx ad urbem mõÅliteÅs mittet quõÅ
The king will send soldiers to the city in
poeÅtaÅs inter®ciant.
order that they may kill the poets.
It is easier to translate these simply as purpose clauses.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
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Sometimes, if a place is indicated, the adverb ubi may be used as the relative: ReÅx ad urbem mõÅliteÅs mittet ubi
The king will send soldiers to the city in
poeÅtaÅs inter®ciant.
order that there they may kill the
poets.
Ubi is a relative adverb.
Sometimes a relative clause of purpose will be introduced by quoÅ and contain a comparative adverb:
ReÅx urbem capiet quoÅ facilius poeÅtaÅs
The king will capture the city in order
inter®ciat.
that by this4 he may kill the poets
more easily.
RELATIVE CLAUSE OF RESULT
A relative clause with the subjunctive, often with an intensi®er, can express result: ReÅx erat tam deÅmeÅns quõÅ urbem
The king was so insane that he destroyed
deÅleÅret.
the city.
It is easier to translate these simply as result clauses.
RELATIVE CLAUSE OF CAUSE
A relative clause with the subjunctive can express cause. Sometimes (but not always) the relative pronoun will be preceded by ut, utpote, or quippe.
ReÅx quippe quõÅ deÅmeÅns esset urbem
The king, because he was insane,
deÅleÅvit.
destroyed the city.
CiceroÅ ut quõÅ litteraÅs amaÅret
Cicero, in as much as he loved letters,
lõÅbertaÅtem populõÅ deÅfendõÅt.
defended the liberty of the people.
Exercises
7. Translate the following sentences.
1. Ad urbem veÅneÅrunt poeÅtae quõÅ libroÅs scrõÅberent.
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2. Tam caecõÅ erant poeÅtae quõÅ perõÅculum noÅn videÅrent.
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3. Sunt quõÅ pecuÅniam pluÅs quam libertaÅtem ament.
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4 The antecedent of quoÅ here is the whole action of the main clause, i.e., the capturing of the city ` by which'' the main clause may be accomplished.
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
4. ReÅx ut quõÅ pecuÅniam pluÅs quam lõÅbertaÅtem amaÅret bellum paraÅbat.
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5. MõÅliteÅs peteÅbant id quod amaÅrent pluÅs quam pecuÅniam.
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8. Translate the following sentences.
1. Quid est quod tuÅ noÅn audeaÅs?
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2. Tum deÅnique inter®cieÅre cum iam neÅmoÅ tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis invenõÅrõÅ poterit quõÅ id noÅn iure factum esse fateaÅtur.
Quamdiu quisquam erit quõÅ deÅfendere audeat, võÅves.
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