Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [60]
conservoÅ, conservaÅre
save, preserve
brevis, -e
brief, short
pereoÅ, perõÅre, periõÅ, perituÅrus8
perish, die
enim
for
philosophus, -õÅ, m.
philosopher
omnõÅnoÅ (adv.)
entirely
ceÅnseoÅ, ceÅnseÅre
judge
huÅmaÅnus, -a, -um
of humans
proÅcuÅraÅtioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
concern, care, responsibility
veÅrus, -a, -um
true
sententia, -ae, f.
opinion, thought
pietaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
devotion, loyalty
sanctitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
moral purity, sanctity
religioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
religion
autem
moreover
quidem
indeed
noÅbilis, -e
noble
raÅtioÅ, -oÅnis, f.
reason, reckoning
mundus, -õÅ, m.
world
administroÅ, administraÅre
conduct, manage, administer
regoÅ, regere
rule
8 The fourth principal part given here is the future active participle.
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
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disertus, -a, -um
learned, clever
intelligoÅ, intelligere
understand
laudoÅ, laudaÅre
praise
vituperoÅ, vituperaÅre
criticize
Indirect Question
Questions in Latin are often introduced by interrogative words or expressions such as the following:
quis, quid
who, what
quoÅ modoÅ
how
quam ob rem
why
cuÅr
why
quandoÅ
when
ubi
where
unde
from where
CuÅr claÅmaÅvit?
Why did he shout?
Unde venis?
Where are you coming from?
An indirect question, as the name suggests, is a question reported in indirect form. Latin expresses indirect questions as subordinate clauses. The interrogative word of the original question acts as a subordinating conjunction, and the verb of the original direct question goes into the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence.
Quis hoc dõÅcit?
Who says this?
Rogat quis hoc dõÅcat.
He asks who says this.
The original direct question is now subordinated to the main verb rogat.
The present subjunctive expresses time simultaneous with the main verb in primary sequence. (It stands for an original present indicative.) Rogat quis hoc dõÅxerit.
He asks who said that.
The perfect subjunctive expresses time prior to the main verb in secondary sequence.
Because there is no future subjunctive, to express time subsequent to the main verb in an indirect question, Latin uses the subjunctive of the active periphrastic (see p. 63).
Rogat quis hoc dictuÅrus sit.
He asks who is going to (will) say this.
Here the present subjunctive of the active periphrastic is used in primary sequence.
In secondary sequence, the imperfect subjunctive expresses time simultaneous with the main verb:
RogaÅvit quis hoc dõÅceret.
He asked who was saying this.
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CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
The pluperfect subjunctive expresses time prior to that of the main verb: RogaÅvit quis hoc dõÅxisset.
He asked who had said this.
To express time subsequent to the main verb in secondary sequence, the imperfect subjunctive of the active periphrastic is used: RogaÅvit quis hoc dictuÅrus esset.
He asked who was going to say this.
Direct questions may not always be introduced by an interrogative word: LaboÅrat?
Does he work?
In such cases Latin may use the word utrum or the interrogative enclitic -ne.
RogoÅ laboÅretne.
I ask whether he works.
RogoÅ utrum laboÅret.
Exercises
14. Translate the following.
1. MõÅraÅmur cuÅr claÅmeÅs.
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2. MiraÅbaÅmur cuÅr claÅmaÅvisseÅtis.
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3. NescioÅ cuÅr claÅmaÅverint.
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4. ScõÅtis quibus reÅx aurum doÅnatuÅrus sit?
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5. ScieÅbaÅtis cui reÅx aurum doÅnaÅtuÅrus esset.
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6. Mihi dõÅcere noÅluit quoÅ modoÅ mõÅliteÅs urbem deÅleÅvissent.
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7. NeÅmoÅ mihi dõÅcere potest quam ob rem urbs a mõÅlitibus deÅleaÅtur.
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