Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [62]
exerceoÅ, exerceÅre
exercise, practice, conduct
facinus, facinoris, n.
crime
reus, -õÅ, m.
defendant
arguoÅ, arguere
accuse
neglegoÅ, neglegere, negleÅxõÅ, negleÅctus
neglect
cõÅvitaÅs, -taÅtis, f.
citizenry, state
stoÅ, staÅre
stand
Exercise
1. Identify and explain the tense and mood of adsit.
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2. Identify and explain the tense and mood of mõÅreÅtur.
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3. Identify and explain the tense and mood of sit.
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4. Explain the case of dieÅbus festõÅs.
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5. What kind of construction is omnibus forensibus negoÅtiõÅs intermissõÅs?
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6. Identify and explain the tense and mood of arguaÅtur.
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158
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
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7. Identify and explain the tense and mood of possit.
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Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement
The section above on indirect statement deals with the indirect expression of simple sentences consisting of one independent clause. Such a clause, in indirect form, puts its subject in the accusative case and its verb in the in®nitive.
When complex sentences are put into indirect statement, the main and subordinate clauses behave differently. The main clause, as explained above, takes the subject accusative and in®nitive construction. Subordinate clauses generally put their verbs into the subjunctive according to the rules of sequence and relative time.
Quamquam urbs deÅletur poeÅtae
Although the city is being destroyed,
tamen manent.
nevertheless the poets are remaining.
DõÅcit quamquam urbs deÅleaÅtur,
He says that although the city is being
poeÅtas tamen maneÅre.
destroyed, nevertheless the poets are
remaining.
The present subjunctive stands for an original present indicative in primary sequence, expressing time simultaneous with the main verb.
Sometimes the subject and in®nitive may enclose the subordinate clause: DõÅcit poeÅtaÅs quamquam urbs deÅleaÅtur maneÅre tamen.
In secondary sequence, only the subordinate clause is affected.
DõÅxit quamquam urbs deÅleÅreÅtur,
He said that although the city was being
poeÅtaÅs tamen maneÅre.
destroyed, nevertheless the poets were
remaining.
Now the imperfect subjunctive stands for the original present indicative in secondary sequence, expressing time simultaneous with the main verb.
All the considerations of relative time will apply in translation: DõÅxit quamquam urbs deÅleÅta esset,
He said that although the city had been
poeÅtas tamen maÅnsuÅroÅs esse.
destroyed, nevertheless the poets
would remain.
Here the pluperfect subjunctive deÅleÅta