Schaum's Outline of Latin Grammar - Alan Fishbone [67]
He says that the city will be conquered by the soldiers of the king.
DõÅceÅbat fore ut urbs aÅ mõÅlitibus
He said that the city would be conquered
reÅgis deÅleÅreÅtur.
by the soldiers of the king.
Some Latin verbs lack a fourth principal part. Since the future active participle is formed from the fourth principal part, such verbs cannot form a future active in®nitive and, so, will use a fore ut clause to express future ideas in indirect statement.
For example:
He says that the soldiers will not be able to destroy the city.
The verb ``to be able'' is possum, posse, potuõÅ, . . .
Because this verbs lacks a fourth principal part, a fore ut construction must be used to express this idea.
DõÅcit fore ut mõÅliteÅs urbem deÅleÅre
He says that it will be that the soldiers
noÅn possint.
are unable to destroy the city.
He says that the soldiers will be unable to destroy the city.
DõÅxit fore ut mõÅliteÅs urbem deÅlere
He said that the soldiers would be
noÅn possent.
unable to destroy the city.
Exercise
21. Translate the following sentences.
1. ReÅgõÅna putat fore ut poeÅtae aÅ reÅge inter®ciantur.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
167
2. ReÅgõÅna putaÅbat fore ut poeÅtae aÅ reÅge inter®cerentur.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. ReÅgõÅna creÅdit fore ut illoÅ dieÅ cõÅveÅs reÅgem timeant.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. ReÅgõÅna creÅdeÅbat fore ut illoÅ dieÅ cõÅveÅs reÅgem timeÅrent.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
5. RuÅmor erat fore ut reÅx poeÅtaÅs quoÅs reÅgõÅna ceÅlaÅvisset inter®cere noÅn posset.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Impersonal Verbs
Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have personal subjects. They take a small variety of constructions.
VERBS OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
Some impersonal verbs express a variety of unpleasant emotions: piget, pigeÅre, piguit
to disgust
taedet, taedeÅre, taeduit
to weary
paenitet, paeniteÅre, paenituit
to cause repentance
pudet, pudeÅre, puduit
to shame
Such verbs put the person who feels the emotion in the accusative case.
PoeÅtam piget.
The poet is disgusted.
The cause of the emotion may be expressed as a neuter nominative singular pronoun:
Hoc poeÅtam piget.
This thing disgusts the poet.
The cause of the emotion may be expressed by the in®nitive: PoeÅtam piget võÅvere.
It disgusts the poet to live.
The cause of the emotion may be expressed in the genitive case: PoeÅtam taedet võÅtae.
Life wearies the poet.
The poet is weary of life.
ReÅgem avaÅritiae noÅn pudet.
Avarice does not shame the king.
The king is not ashamed of avarice.
168
CHAPTER 9 Syntax of the Complex Sentence
Sometimes such verbs will take a subordinate clause introduced by quod, ``that.'
Such clauses take the indicative:
PoeÅtam piget quod reÅx urbem deÅleÅvit.
That the king destroyed the city disgusts
the poet.
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF PERMISSION AND NECESSITY
A few impersonal verbs express necessity or obligation: licet, liceÅre, licuit
to be permitted
oportet, oporteÅre, oportuit
to be necessary, ®tting
decet, deceÅre, decuit
it is right
necesse est
it is necessary
Such verbs may take an accusative and in®nitive construction: Oportet poeÅtam canere.
It is ®tting that the poet sing.
NoÅn liceÅbat meÅ võÅvere.
It was not permitted for me to live.
They may take the in®nitive with the dative case:
Necesse est poeÅtae canere.
It is necessary for the poet to sing.
They may take a subordinate clause introduced by ut taking the subjunctive: NoÅn liceÅbat ut poeÅtae taceÅrent.
It was not permitted that the poets keep
silent.
VERBS OF INTEREST
There are two impersonal verbs that express `ìnterest''