School Choice or Best Systems_ What Improves Education_ - Margaret C. Wang [60]
9 John E. Chubb and Terry Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1990).
10 Paul E. Peterson, “Thorough and Efficient Private and Public Schools” in Courting Failure, ed. Erik A. Hanushek (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Education Next Press, 2006), p. 221.
11 James Coleman and Thomas Hoffer, Public and Private High Schools: The Impact of Communities (New York: Basic Books, 1987).
12 Anthony Bryk, Valerie Lee, and Paul Holland, Catholic Schools and the Common Good (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
13 Derek Neal, “The Effects of Catholic Secondary Schooling on Educational Achievement,” Journal of Labor Economics 15, no. 1 (1997): 100.
14 Patrick J. McEwan, “Comparing the Effectiveness of Public and Private Schools,” Teachers College, Columbia University, National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education, Occasional Paper no. 3, 2000.
15 Eric R. Eide, Dan D. Goldhaber, and Mark H. Showalter, “Does Catholic High School Attendance Lead to Attendance at a More Selective College?” Social Science Quarterly 85, no. 5 (2005): 1335-52.
16 Thomas Sowell, “Patterns of Black Excellence,” Public Interest, Spring 1976, pp. 26-58.
17 Thomas Sowell, “Black Excellence: The Case of Dunbar High School,” Public Interest 35 (Spring 1974): 1-21.
18 Chubb and Moe, p. 182.
19 Valerie Lee, “Catholic Lessons for Public Schools,” in New Schools for a New Century, ed. Diane Ravitch (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 147-63.
20 Paul E. Peterson and Herbert J. Walberg, “Urban Catholic Schools Excel Academically, Struggle Financially,” School Reform News (Heartland Institute), April 2005, http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=16672. For additional details, see William Howell and Paul E. Peterson, The Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2002).
21 Peterson and Walberg.
22 Charles C. Wolf, Markets or Governments: Choosing between Imperfect Alternatives (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); and E. S. Savas, Privatization and Public-Private Partnerships (New York: Chatham House, 2000).
23 John Hilke, Cost Savings from Privatization: A Compilation of Study Findings (Los Angeles: Reason Foundation, 1993).
24 Andrew J. Coulson, “Arizona Public and Private Schools: A Statistical Analysis,” Goldwater Institute, 2006, http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/Common/Files/Multimedia/1137.pdf.
25 Wenders.
26 David F. Salisbury, “What Does a Voucher Buy? A Closer Look at the Cost of Private Schools,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 486, August 28, 2003, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa486.pdf; and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 2002, Table 61, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003060b.pdf.
27 David Salisbury, “Saving Money and Improving Education: How School Choice Can Help States Reduce Expenditure Costs,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 551, October 4, 2005.
28 An issue that clouds such cost comparisons is the possible differences in percentages of special needs and poor students in the public and private schools since public schools are normally eligible for (and receive) extra funds for each such student. A more fundamental issue is the classification of special needs students. With the exceptions of fully or partially blind and deaf students, classifications of students in need of special programs are highly unreliable, that is, experts lack agreement on which classification schemes to use and on which students to place in such categories as normal, learning disabled, mildly mentally handicapped, and behaviorally disordered. Special educators may be motivated to classify increasing percentages of students as in need of their services, which brings increased funding and administrative and teaching jobs to public school systems. Further complicating policy is the finding that, on average, special needs students who are “mainstreamed,” that is, placed in regular classes, do better than those who are segregated into special programs, They may do better since they are not stigmatized