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and they, their classmates, and their teachers have higher expectations for their performance. For these reasons, private schools that avoid questionable psychological categorization of students are both more effective and less costly. For findings about and analyses of these issues, see Margaret C. Wang, Maynard C. Reynolds, and Herbert J. Walberg, eds., Handbook of Special Education, 4 vols. (London: Pergamon, 1987-89); and Chester E. Finn Jr., Andrew J. Rotherham, and Charles R. Hokanson Jr., eds., Rethinking Special Education for a New Century (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 2001).

29 Salisbury, “Saving Money and Improving Education,” p. 9.

30 Ibid., p. 10.

31 Ibid., p. 12.

32 David Campbell, “Making Democratic Education Work: Schools, Social Capital and Civic Education,” paper presented at the Conference on Charter Schools, Vouchers, and Public Education, Harvard University, March 9-10, 2000.

33 Daniel A. McFarland and Carlos Starmanns. “Student Government and Political Socialization,” unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2004/sepoct/features/politics.htm.

34 Patrick J. Wolf, Jay P. Greene, Brett Kleitz, and Kristina Thalhammar, “Private Schooling and Political Tolerance: Evidence from College Students in Texas,” paper presented at the Conference on Vouchers, Charters, and Public Education, Harvard University, March 2000, p. 20.

35 David E. Campbell, “Vote Often: Creating Civic Norms,” Education Next, Summer 2005, p. 69.

36 Jay P. Greene, Joseph Giammo, and Nicole Mellow, “The Effect of Private Education on Political Participation, Social Capital and Tolerance: An Examination of the Latino National Political Survey,” Georgetown Public Policy Review 5, no. 1 (Fall 1999), summarized in Jay P. Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments: Where We Are and What We Know,” Manhattan Institute Civic Report no. 11, July 2000, p. 11, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_11.htm.

37 One study suggests that, under a completely free choice system, schools would tend to be segregated—not by social class or race but by ability as in the case of American colleges and universities. See Dennis Epple, “Competition between Private and Public Schools, Vouchers, and Peer Group Effects,” American Economic Review 88 (March 1998): 33-62.

38 Helen Ladd and Edward Fiske, School Choice in New Zealand: A Cautionary Tale (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2000); Amy Stuart Wells, “Sociology of School Choice: Why Some Win and Others Lose in the Educational Marketplace,” in School Choice: Examining the Evidence, ed. Edith Rasell and R. Rothstein (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 1993); and J. Douglas Williams and Frank H. Echols, “The Scottish Experience of Parental School Choice,” in School Choice; all cited in Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments.”

39 Jay P. Greene, “Civic Values in Public and Private Schools,” in Learning from School Choice, ed. Paul E. Peterson and Bryan C. Hassel (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1998), pp. 83-106, cited in Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments,” p. 9.

40 Jay P. Greene, “Civic Values in Public and Private Schools,” cited in Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments,” p. 12.

41 Greene, “Civic Values in Public and Private Schools,” cited in Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments,” p. 9.

42 Jay P. Greene, “The Racial, Economic, and Religious Context of Parental Choice in Cleveland,” paper presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management meeting, Washington, November 1999, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/pepg/papers.htm, cited in Greene, “A Survey of Results from Voucher Experiments,” p. 10.

43 Andrew J. Coulson, “How Markets Affect Quality: Testing a Theory of Market Education against the International Evidence,” in Educational Freedom and Urban America, ed. David Salisbury and Casey Lartigue Jr. (Washington: Cato Institute, 2004).

44 James Tooley and Pauline Dixon, Private Education Is Good for the Poor: A Study of Private Schools Serving