Superfreakonomics_ global cooling, patri - Steven D. Levitt [100]
DRUG DEALERS, NOT BUYERS, DO THE TIME: See Ilyana Kuziemko and Steven D. Levitt, “An Empirical Analysis of Imprisoning Drug Offenders,” Journal of Public Economics 88 (2004); also, the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s 2008 Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics.
THE STREET PROSTITUTES OF CHICAGO: This section is largely drawn from Steven D. Levitt and Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, “An Empirical Analysis of Street-Level Prostitution,” working paper.
LYING TO THE OPORTUNIDADES CLERK: See César Martinelli and Susan Parker, “Deception and Misreporting in a Social Program,” Journal of European Economics Association 7, no. 4 (2009). This paper was brought to our attention by the journalist Tina Rosenberg.
LOSING VIRGINITY TO A PROSTITUTE, THEN AND NOW: See Charles Winick and Paul M. Kinsie, The Lively Commerce: Prostitution in the United States (Quadrangle Books, 1971), citing a paper by P. H. Gebhard presented to the December 1967 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and Edward O. Laumann, John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels, The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (The University of Chicago Press, 1994).
WHY DID ORAL SEX GET SO CHEAP? See Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, Jodi L. Cornell, Rhonda Y. Kropp, and Jeanne M. Tschann, “Oral Versus Vaginal Sex Among Adolescents: Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior,” Pediatrics 115 (2005); Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, “The Economy of Desire,” The New York Times Magazine, December 11, 2005; Tim Harford, “A Cock-and-Bull Story: Explaining the Huge Rise in Teen Oral Sex,” Slate, September 2, 2006. / 33 “Ease of exit” is a phrase used by Dr. Michael Rekart of the University of British Columbia in an author interview; see also Michael Rekart, “Sex-Work Harm Reduction,” Lancet 366 (2005).
PRICE DISCRIMINATION: For more information on Dr. Leonard’s hair and pet trimmers, see Daniel Hamermesh, “To Discriminate You Need to Separate,” Freakonomics blog, The New York Times, May 8, 2008.
HIGH AIDS RATE AMONG MALE PROSTITUTES’ CUSTOMERS: See K. W. Elifson, J. Boles, W. W. Darrow, and C. E. Sterk, “HIV Serop-revalence and Risk Factors Among Clients of Female and Male Prostitutes,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 20, no. 2 (1999).
PIMPACT > RIMPACT: See Igal Hendel, Aviv Nevo, and Francois Ortalo-Magne, “The Relative Performance of Real Estate Marketing Platforms: MLS Versus FSBOMadison.com,” American Economic Review, forthcoming; and Steven D. Levitt and Chad Syverson, “Antitrust Implications of Outcomes When Home Sellers Use Flat-Fee Real Estate Agents,” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2008.
FEMINISM AND TEACHING: The occupations of women in 1910 are taken from the 1910 U.S. Census. / 43 Percentage of women as teachers: see Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, and Ilyana Kuziemko, “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 4 (Fall 2006). Thanks to Kuziemko for additional calculations. / 43 Work opportunities multiplying: see Raymond F. Gregory, Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality (Rutgers University Press, 2003). / 43 Baby formula as “unsung hero”: see Stefania Albanesi and Claudia Olivetti, “Gender Roles and Technological Progress,” National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, June 2007. / 44 The erosion of teacher quality: see Marigee P. Bacolod, “Do Alternative Opportunities Matter? The Role of Female Labor Markets in the Decline of Teacher Supply and Teacher Quality, 1940–1990,” Review of Economics and Statistics 89, no. 4 (November 2007); Harold O. Levy, “Why the Best Don’t Teach,” The New York Times, September 9, 2000; and John H.