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Agents to Bernard Madoff $50 Billion Swindle,” The Times (London), December 22, 2008; and Eric Lichtblau, “Federal Cases of Stock Fraud Drop Sharply,” The New York Times, December 24, 2008. / 66 Influenza and airline travel: see John Brownstein, Cecily Wolfe, and Kenneth Mandl, “Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Airline Travel on Interregional Influenza Spread in the United States,” PloS Medicine, October 2006. / 66 Crime drop in D.C.: see Jonathan Klick and Alexander Tabarrok, “Using Terror Alert Levels to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime,” Journal of Law and Economics 48, no. 1 (April 2005). / 66 A California pot bonanza: see “Home-Grown,” The Economist, October 18, 2007; and Jeffrey Miron, “The Budgetary Implications of Drug Prohibition,” Harvard University, December 2008.

THE MAN WHO FIXES HOSPITALS: This section is based primarily on author interviews with Craig Feied as well as other members of his team, including Mark Smith. We also benefited substantially from Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Michelle Heskett, “Washington Hospital Center,” a four-part series in Harvard Business School, July 21, 2002, N9–303–010 through N9–303–022. / 67 Emergency medicine as a specialty: see Derek R. Smart, Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S. (American Medical Association Press, 2007). / 67 E.R. statistics: see Eric W. Nawar, Richard W. Niska, and Jiamin Xu, “National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 Emergency Department Summary,” Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control, June 29, 2007; and information gleaned from the Federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as these AHRQ reports: Pamela Horsleys and Anne Elixhauser, “Hospital Admissions That Began in the Emergency Department, 2003,” and Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (H-CUP) Statistical Brief No. 1., February 2006. / 71 “It’s about what you do in the first sixty minutes”: drawn from Fred D. Baldwin, “It’s All About Speed,” Healthcare Informatics, November 2000. / 72 “Cognitive drift”: see R. Miller, “Response Time in Man-Computer Conversational Transactions,” Proceedings of the AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1968; and B. Shneiderman, “Response Time and Display Rate in Human Performance with Computers,” Computing Surveys, 1984.

WHO ARE THE BEST AND WORST DOCTORS IN THE ER?: This section is based primarily on Mark Duggan and Steven D. Levitt, “Assessing Differences in Skill Across Emergency Room Physicians,” working paper. / 74–75 The negative effect of doctor report cards: see David Dranove, Daniel Kessler, Mark McClellan, and Mark Satterthwaite, “Is More Information Better?” Journal of Political Economy 111, no. 3 (2003). / 81–82 Do doctors’ strikes save lives?: see Robert S. Mendelsohn, Confessions of a Medical Heretic (Contemporary Books, 1979); and Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham, Kristina Mitchell, K. M. Venkat Narayan, and Salim Yusuf, “Doctors’ Strikes and Mortality: A Review,” Social Science and Medicine 67, no. 11 (December 2008).

WAYS TO POSTPONE DEATH: Win a Nobel Prize: see Matthew D. Rablen and Andrew J. Oswald, “Mortality and Immortality,” University of Warwick, January 2007; and Donald MacLeod, “Nobel Winners Live Longer, Say Researchers,” The Guardian, January 17, 2007. Make the Hall of Fame: see David J. Becker, Kenneth Y. Chay, and Shailender Swaminathan, “Mortality and the Baseball Hall of Fame: An Investigation into the Role of Status in Life Expectancy,” iHEA 2007 6th World Congress: Explorations in Health Economics paper. Buy annuities: see Thomas J. Phillipson and Gary S. Becker, “Old-Age Longevity and Mortality-Contingent Claims,” Journal of Political Economy 106, no. 3 (1998). Be religious: see Ellen L. Idler and Stanislav V. Kasl, “Religion, Disability, Depression, and the Timing of Death,” American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 4 (January 1992). Be patriotic: see David McCullough, John Adams (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Beat the estate tax: Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, “Did the Death of Australian Inheritance Taxes Affect Deaths?” Topics in Economic