The Chinese in America - Iris Chang [215]
Chapter Seven. Spreading Across America
93 63,199 Chinese: 1870 U.S. Census. For Chinese census statistics in the United States for the nineteenth century, see Thomas W. Chinn, H. Mark Lai, and Philip P. Choy, eds., A History of the Chinese in California: A Syllabus (San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1969), p. 19, table II.
93 99.4 percent: 1870 U.S. Census. Table II in Thomas W. Chinn, H. Mark Lai, and Philip P. Choy gives the statistic of 62,831 Chinese in the western states in 1870. Very few Chinese lived in the East Coast or Midwest during this era. Officially there was only one Chinese person in the entire state of Illinois in 1870, a number that grew to 209 by 1880. Some of the few Chinese in the Midwest had migrated from East Coast cities, not the West Coast. (Douglas Knox, “The Chinese American Midwest: Migration and the Negotiation of Ethnicity,” unpublished paper. Also Adam McKeown, “Chinese Migrants Among Ghosts: Chicago, Peru and Hawaii in the Early Twentieth Century,” Ph.D. dissertation in history, University of Chicago, 1997, p. 241.)
93 78 percent—in California: 1870 U.S. Census. According to table II in Thomas W. Chinn, H. Mark Lai, and Philip P. Choy, 49,277 Chinese lived in California in 1870.
94 “come to the conclusion that we Chinese are the same as Indians and Negroes”: Lai Chun-chuen, Remarks of the Chinese Merchants of San Francisco on Governor Bigler’s Message, translated by W. Speer, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, as cited in Charles J. McClain, “California’s First Anti-Chinese Laws,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1995 (Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1995), p. 102.
94 King Weimah: Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength, p. 145.
95 “If the Chinese were allowed to vote”: Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 447.
95 federal court decision: Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed., “Chink!,” p. 14.
96 “Emancipation has spoiled the Negro”: “The Coming Laborer,” Vicksburg Times, June 30, 1869, as cited in James W. Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White (Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1988; originally published by Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. viii, 22.
96 “Give us five million”: Eric Foner, pp. 419-20.
96 Tye Kim Orr: Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 31.
96 Information on Cornelius Koopmanschap: Andrew Gyory, p. 31. Also, Gunther Barth, pp. 191-95.
97 “All Chinese make much money in New Orleans if they work”: Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, pp. 53-54.
97 “nice rooms and very fine food”: Ibid.
97 the arrival of about two thousand Chinese in the South: Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans, p. 82.
97 some 250 Chinese men came as employees of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad: Ibid., p. 82.
97 a thousand Chinese arrived in Alabama: Ibid., p. 82.
97 staged a strike to protest the whipping: Lucy M. Cohen, “George W. Gift, Chinese Labor Agent in the Post-Civil War South,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1995 (Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1995), p. 174.
97 attempted to lynch a Chinese agent: Jackson Weekly Clarion, November 20, 1873, as cited in James W. Loewen, p. 31.
97 shot and killed Chinese: Ibid.
98 Information about bilingual interpreters: Lucy M. Cohen, Chinese in the Post-Civil War South: A People Without a History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), p. 83.
98 press charges against their employers: Lucy M. Cohen, “George W. Gift, Chinese Labor Agent in the Post-Civil War South,” p. 74.
98 U.S. authorities halted Chinese labor recruitment: Ibid., p. 159.
99 By 1915, scarcely a single plantation: Powell Clayton, The Aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas (New York: Neale, 1915), p. 214, as cited in James W. Loewen, p. 31.
100 Information on strike