The Cleanest Race - B. R. Myers [62]
6. Han Sǒr-ya, “Pabo k’ongk’ŭl,” 293.
7. For a complete translation see my Han Sǒrya and North Korean Literature, 157-188.
8. Shen, 19-20.
9. Myers, “The Watershed that Wasn’t,” 101-103.
10. Lankov, Crisis in North Korea, 29.
11. Gabroussenko, 129; Szalontai, Kim Il Sung, 89.
12. Schäfer, “Weathering the Sino-Soviet Conflict,” 40.
13. Ibid., 39.
14. Ibid., 40; Szalontai, “You Have No Political Line of Your Own,” 98.
15. Szalontai, Kim Il Sung, 98-100.
16. Schäfer, “Weathering the Sino-Soviet Conflict,” 33.
17. Szalontai, Kim Il Sung, 251.
18. Schäfer, “Weathering the Sino-Soviet Conflict,” 30.
19. Szalontai, “You Have No Political Line of Your Own,” 131.
20. Szalontai, Kim, 201, 55. The American Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver visited Pyongyang in 1970 and later complained about the “unsubtle racism” of his hosts. Sŏul on Fire, 122.
21. “Document No. 3: Report, GDR Embassy in the DPRK, 2 April 1965,” 43.
From the Cultural Revolution to Kim Il Sung’s Death, 1966-1994
1. See Schäfer, “North Korean ‘Adventurism’ and China’s Long Shadow, 1966-1972,” in particular the first chapter, 3-16.
2. Hwang Chang-yŏp describes the events of the latter half of the 1960s as a “miniature version” of China’s Cultural Revolution. Hwang, Hoegorok, 187.
3. One of these plays, The Flower Girl, was made into a movie in 1972 that became an enormous hit not only in North Korea, but in China as well; the novelist Tie Ning describes a theater full of weeping Beijing residents in her well-known short story “How Long is Forever?” (Yingyuan you duo yuan, 1999).
4. Kim is said to have led troops on a march across north-east China in the winter of 1938/39.
5. Hwang Chang-yŏp asserts that Kim relied heavily on a team of speechwriters and ghostwriters, asking them to “read” the unexpressed ideas in his head. Hwang, Hoegorok, 136.
6. For a longer discussion of the speech, see Myers, “The Watershed that Wasn’t,” Acta Koreana, January 2006, 89-115. See also Zagoria, 11-12.
7. Hwang Chang-yǒp, Hoegorok, 195-196.
8. Kim Il Sung, “Uri tang ŭi chuch’e sasang,” 27:394-395.
9. Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, 2:313.
10. See for example Harrison, Korean Endgame, 21-22.
11. See for example “Widaehan ǒmǒni tang,” Rodong sinmun, October 3 2003, and “Rodong sinmun on Role Played by WPK as Mother Party,” KCNA, December 14, 2007.
12. Sŏ Sŏng-nyong, “Pom hanŭl,” in Ch’ŏngnyŏn munhak, October 1990, 11.
13. Maggie Jones, “Shutting Themselves In,” The New York Times, January 15, 2006.
14. Having worked in the late 1990s in China for a German car-maker, I well remember hearing colleagues marvel at the North Koreans’ orders of large numbers of luxury sedans.
15. Haggard and Noland, 27.
16. “By 1993 imports from Russia were only 10 percent of their average 1987-90 level.” Noland, Avoiding the Apocalypse, 98.
17. Ibid., 58. The “campaign for emulating hidden heroes” had been formally launched back in 1979. A Handbook on North Korea, 89.
The Arduous March, 1994-1998
1. Ch’inaehanŭn chidoja Kim Jŏng-il tongji ǔi t’ansaeng 50 tol (70 minutes), Pyongyang, 1972.
2. See the novel Yŏngsaeng (1997) for the standard account of the events of 1993/94.
3. See for example, “K’ŭnak’ŭn ŭnjǒng ŭl norae hanŭn p’ungnyǒn taeji,” Rodong sinmun, September 2, 1994.
4. Pukhan chumin ǔi ilsang saenghwal kwa taejung munha, 29.
5. Hwang’s autobiography confirms widespread refugee reports of human flesh being passed off as animal meat in city markets. Hoegorok, 349.
6. Haggard and Noland, for example, estimate that the famine killed between 600,000 and one million people. Famine in North Korea, 1.
7. Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea, 93.
8. See Yi U-yǒng, Pukhan ǔi chabonjuŭi insik pyǒnhwa, Seoul, 2000, 15.
9. War is a common “flight-from-grief device” in tribes going through extreme hardship. Turney-High, Primitive War, 142.
The Sunshine Years, 1998-2008
1. “Uri ŭi kangnyǒkhan chǒnjaeng ǒkcheryǒk ŭn Chosŭn pando p’yǒnghwa ŭi tambo ida,” KCNA, May 28, 2003.
2. Ch’ǒllima, August 2003, 49-59; Adong munhak, August 2003, 48-56; Chos