The Cleanest Race - B. R. Myers [64]
29. The South’s Caucasian-style ideal, in contrast, is attainable only through plastic surgery.
30. “Nuga pwado choŭn tchalpŭn mǒri hyǒngt’ae,” Ch’ǒllima, Jan 2005, 97.
31. Kongsanjuŭi todŏk, 1995, 1:4-5.
32. July 22, 2009. The nightly news usually closes with one or two maxims attributed to Kim Jong Il.
33. See, for example, the short story “Transition,” which is discussed in the chapter on Kim Jong Il.
34. This is a lyric from the song, “Let Us Venerate the Supreme Commander With Our Weapons” (“Mujang ǔro pattǔlja, uri ǔi ch’oigo saryǒnggwan.”)
35. Han Sǒr-ya, Ryŏksa, 57.
36. “Ttangk’ ŭ 214 ho,” 563.
37. “Sajin sogae,” Ch’ǒllima, January 2005, 5-8.
38. “Changbyǒngdŭl ǔi hwanhosǒng,” Ch’ǒllima, August 2006, 24.
39. “Kunmin ilch’i ro sŭngni rŭl haja,” Rodong sinmun, May 26, 1998.
40. Pauer, Japan’s War Economy, 2-3.
41. The most famous North Korean film version is Love, Love, My Love (Sarang, sarang, nae sarang, 1984).
42. See the film My Happiness (Na ǔi haengbok, 1988), which deals with a female military doctor.
43. Kim Il Sung, “Chosǒn rodongdang che 4-ch’a taehoe esǒ,” 15:189.
44. See for example Yi Ki-yǒng’s novel Ttang, 442-444, or Han Sǒr-ya’s Charanŭn maŭl, 265.
45. Specific reference is made here to Ri Ryul-sŏn’s land-reclamation-themed painting Kansŏkchi kaegan (1961), Ch’oi Kye-gŭn’s painting Yonghaegong (1968), in Pukhan misul 50-nyŏn, pages 132 and 41 respectively, and to the film Kalmaegi ho ch’ǒngnyǒndŭl (1961).
46. Toraji kkot’, 1988, Tosi ch’ǒ’nyǒ sijip wayo! 1993.
47. The classic examples are Mikhail Sholokhov’s Virgin Soil Under the Plough (Podnyataya tselina, 1932), and Ding Ling’s The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River (Taiyang zhao zai Sangganhe shang, 1948).
48. The scene comes in the latter half of My Happiness (Na ǔi haengbok, 1988).
49. Ch’ukbok hamnida, 2001.
50. Han Yun, Ssiat, 34.
51. The novel became a bestseller in South Korea. Hong Sŏk-chung, Hwang Jin’i, Seoul, 2003.
52. See The Bellflower (Toraji kkot’, 1988).
53. Han Sǒr-ya, “Hugi,” in Ch’ǒngch’un’gi, 398.
54. See also Paek Nam-nyong, Pǒt, 1988.
55. “Sahoejuŭi hyǒnsil ǔl panyǒnghan hyǒngmyǒngjok yǒnghwa rŭl tǒ manhi ch’angjak haja,” 89.
56. Hwang, “Tasi toraon taramjwi,” Adong munhak, December 2005, 42-45.
57. Typical is My Happiness (Na ǔi haengbok, 1988).
Chapter Three
1. See for example Thomas Hosuck Kang’s Why the North Koreans Behave as They Do (1994), and Selig Harrison’s Korean Endgame, 21-24. Cumings advances much the same message in Korea’s Place in the Sun, 415-418. Typical journalistic references to North Korea’s Confucian tendencies: McCormack, “Book Talk,” ABC Radio National, March 1, 2003.
2. Mark Clifford, “A Nation of Famine and Adulation: Letter from Pyongyang,” Business Week, December 18, 2000; Erik Cornell, “An Oddly Troublesome Couple,” The Daily Times (Australia), January 29, 2003.
3. Harrison, Korean Endgame, 21.
4. My main source for this summary is the entry on Kim Il Sung in Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 1:3-17. For part of the paragraph on his childhood, I drew from Han Sǒrya’s Man’gyŏngdae (1955) 362-491; for Kim’s early rising, see Yŏngsaeng, 1997, 7. For the ash tree reference, see Choe, Kim Jong Il, 9.
5. In 2007 the seventieth (!) volume of the Among the Masses (Inmindŭl sok esǒ, 1962–) series of “on-the-spot guidance” story anthologies was published.
6. “Myǒng’ǒn haesǒl,” Ch’ǒngnyǒn munhak, September 2004, 18.
7. Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 18:154.
8. Myers, Han Sŏrya, 136-137.
9. Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 18:193.
10. Han Sǒr-ya, Hyŏllo, 24.
11. Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 18:194.
12. Choe, Kim Jong Il, 21.
13. Kim Jong Suk, Mother of Korea, 92.
14. See a famous “photograph” of Kim and his wife during the guerilla years, ibid., 18:195.
15. Han Sŏrya, Ryŏksa, 114.
16. See Chŏng Kwan-ch’ŏl’s canonical painting, “Poch’ŏnbo ǔi hwappul,” on the frontispiece of Yi, Pukhan misul ǔi 50 nyŏn.
17. 4 ch’ŏnman ǔi t’aeyang, 2:23.
18. Kim Kyu-hak, Kim Ki-ch’ŏl, “10 wŏl ǔi hwanho,” Pukhan misul ǔi 50-ny