The Cleanest Race - B. R. Myers [66]
22. “Waejin samch’oso e kkaji ch’aja osiyŏ,” Chosŏn yesul, October 2006, front matter; “Paengni mulgil e ŏrin pulmyŏl ǔi cha’uk,” Chosŏn yesul, April 2005, front matter.
23. See the painting “Nagwŏn ǔi pompit,” ’ Chosŏn yesul, February 2006, front matter.
24. T’aeyang sungbae ǔi yŏngwŏnhan hwap’ŏk, 28, 29, 30, 31.
25. Chŏnhwan, 14.
26. “Kye Sun-hŭi sŏnsu rŭl wihan yŏnhoe,” Korean Central News Agency, August 7, 2001.
27. “Kim Jong Il’s Devoted Service to People,” Korean Central News Agency, August 18, 2007.
28. Sim Chae-hun, “Uri ŏbŏi,” Chosŏn munhak, December 2006, 4.
29. “Kŭp’um ǔl ttŏna mot sara sŏjŏngsi ŏmŏni rŭl ŭlp’umyo,” Korean Central News Agency, October 9, 2003.
30. See for example the television evening news of July 28, 2009.
31. Bix, 252.
32. “Hyŏngmyong ǔi sunoebu kyŏlsa ongwi harira,” Korean Central Television, July 18, 2009.
33. Fenichel, quoted in Becker, 132.
Chapter Five
1. Yŏngsaeng, 439.
2. Ibid., 252.
3. “Widaehan suhoja,” Ch’ǒllima, December 2006, 9. In “Angnarhan miguk ǔi simni moryakchŏn,” Ch’ǒllima, December 2007, 77, the USSR’s collapse is likened to that of a “wet clay wall.”
4. Ryu Jŏng-bong, Kim Ik-ha, “Che 13-ch’a P’yŏngyang ch’ukchŏn ǔi pam” (1989), Pukhan misul ǔi 50-nyŏn, 105.
5. A comparable picture, “Man’gyŏngdae ǔi kohyang chip,” depicts a radiant Korean beauty showing Kim Il Sung’s birthplace to an equally unsavory-looking group of foreigners. T’aeyang sungbae ǔi yŏngwŏnhan hwap’ŏk (2002), 82.
6. Ch’ǒngddae, 437, 462.
7. “Sŏnmul sogae,” Ch’ ŏllima, August 2004, 6-7. See also the film Ch’inaehanŭn chidoja Kim Jŏng-il tongji ǔi t’ansaeng 50 tol, made in 1992 to celebrate Kim Jong Il’s fiftieth birthday; about ten of the film’s seventy minutes are devoted to showing gifts newly received from abroad.
8. Ryŏksa, 254-255.
9. Ibid., 255.
10. “Yesul yŏnghwa >Nae ga pon nara< (che 2, 3-bu) sisahoe,” KCNA, July 27, 2009. The film was routinely discussed on the nightly news throughout the summer.
11. Ryŏksa ǔi taeha, 4, 8-9, 64, 208, 225, 316; Pak Dong-jin, Sŭngnyangi mije ǔi choi’ak; Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 18:154.
12. See for example, Kim Su-ryŏn, “Sŭngnyangi ǔi ponsŏng un pyŏnhaji annŏnda,” Adong munhak, September 2003, 57.
13. Ri Sŭng-bŏm,”Nae ka chabŭn migungnom,” Chosŏn yesul, May 2006, 47.
14. So, Inmin i sanŭn mosŭp, 1:97.
15. “The marks of the beast [in Japanese propaganda] were claws, fangs, animal hindquarters, sometimes a tail, sometimes small horns … the quasi-religious demon or devil … was the dominant metaphor … A journalistic account … was accompanied by an illustration of Uncle Sam as a sharp-nailed, sharp-toothed clergyman with the tail of a fox.” Dower, War Without Mercy, 244-245.
16. See the poster bearing the caption “Mije ǔi kyohwal han simnijŏk ch’aekdong ǔl kŏrŭm mada chitbusija,” Chosŏn munhak yesul nyŏn’gam: 2005, 343.
17. Sŭngnyangi, 72.
18. T’aeyang sungbae ǔi yŏngwŏnhan hwap’ŏk, 56.
19. See for example the propaganda posters on the inside back covers of the January and February 1999 issues of the magazine Ch’ǒllima.
20. P’yŏngyang ǔi nŭnbora,” In Hŭk, ppuri, 114-145.
21. Ibid., 134.
22. Ibid., 132.
23. Ibid., 144.
24. Ryŏksa ǔi taeha, 9. In Korean, the verb mushi hada has stronger connotations of contempt than the English word “to ignore”; it would not be wrong to translate it here as “to scorn.”
25. The name change seems intended to spare Kang any awkwardness overseas.
26. Ryŏksa ǔi taeha, 61-62.
27. Ibid., 62.
28. Ibid., 63.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 397.
31. Ibid.
32. Ch’ǒngddae, 432.
33. Hyŏndae chosŏn mal sajŏn, 1988, 1:1547; “Chegukchuŭi ǔi ch’imnyakchŏk ponsŏng un chǒlttaero pyŏnhal su ŏpta,” Rodong sinmun, January 11, 2000.
34. See the official praise for Ryŏksa ǔi taeha in the national yearbook Chosŏn chungang nyŏn’gam: 1998, 233.
35. “Chomi kibon habŭimun,” Chosŏn taebaekkwa sajŏn, 17:545.
36. Ryŏksa ǔi taeha, 440.
37. Ibid., 487.
38. Ibid., 497.
39. Ibid., 320, 163-164, 443.
40. Szalontai, “You Have No Political Line,” 97-98.
41. Ibid., 72-73. Bix, 326.