The Coke Machine - Michael Blanding [161]
Page 79 followed five hundred eleven-year-olds: David S. Ludwig et al., “Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis,” The Lancet 357 (2001), 505-508.
Page 80 later study by Ludwig: David S. Ludwig et al., “Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study,” Pediatrics 117, no. 3 (March 2006), 673-680; Melanie Warner, “Soda Sales Fall for the First Time in 20 Years,” New York Times, March 9, 2006.
Page 80 “It’s not the exceptional child”: David Ludwig, interview by the author.
Page 80 Another analysis, of thousands of nurses: Matthias B. Schulze et al., “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women,” Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 927-934.
Page 80 “might be the best single opportunity”: Caroline Apovian, “Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes,” Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 978-979.
Page 80 study by Purdue University nutritionist: R. D. Mattes and D. P. DiMeglio, “Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrates: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight,” International Journal of Obesity 24 (2000), 794-800; Brian Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2006), 239.
Page 80 fructose isn’t broken down: George A. Bray, “Diobesity: A Global Problem,” International Journal of Obesity 26 (2002), S63.
Page 80 turning directly into fat: Brownell and Horgen, 30; Shell, 214; Critser, 137-140; John P. Bantle et al., “Effects of Dietary Fructose on Plasma Lipids in Healthy Subjects,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (2000), 1128-1134.
Page 81 cells to become more resistant: Kaufman, Diabesity, 29; Sharron Dalton, Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 37.
Page 81 name was changed to simply “type-2 diabetes”: Kaufman, Diabesity, 14.
Page 81 one in three will become diabetic: “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in United States,” http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/news/docs/lifetime.htm; K. M. Venkat Narayan et al., “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the United States,” Journal of the American Medical Association 290, no. 14 (October 2003), 1884-1890.
Page 81 continually warning Americans: Michael Pollan, In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 50.
Page 81 Coke wasn’t the only company: Meet the Bloggers, featuring Marion Nestle, November 21, 2008, http://meetthebloggers.org/show_112108.php; Marion Nestle, interview by the author.
Page 81 from 3,200 to 3,900 per capita: USDA Economic Research Service, Nutrient Availability Data, February 27, 2009; Marion Nestle, e-mail to the author.
Page 81 “When you come in” . . . “At the time . . . your kid is ugly”: Hank Cardello, interview by the author.
Page 82 to sweeten their diet beverages: “Searle Sweetener Expands Its Market,” New York Times, September 20, 1983.
Page 82 100 percent aspartame formula: “Coke Sweetener,” New York Times, November 30, 1984; Pamela G. Hollie, “Pepsi’s Diet Soft Drinks Switched to NutraSweet,” New York Times, November 2, 1984.
Page 82 Complaints about the chemical more than doubled: Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33, no. 43 (November 2, 1984), 605-607.
Page 82 “unless the CBS story snowballed”: Cardello, 133.
Page 82 concerns about aspartame of minor importance: Centers for Disease Control, “Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use.”
Page 82 more than seven thousand complaints: “Clearing Up the Newest Rumors About Aspartame Sweetener,” Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1999.
Page 82 comprehensive, if controversial, study: Morando Soffritti