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Zebina Eastman, “History of the Anti-Slavery Agitation, and the Growth of the Liberty and Republican Parties in the State of Illinois,” in Rufus Blanchard, Discovery and Conquests of the North-west, with the History of Chicago (Wheaton, Ill., 1879), 663–65; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers (5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 3: 191.

45. Larry Cephair, ed., The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimké: Selected Writings, 1835–1839 (New York, 1989), 194–95; William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy, 1830–1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 51; Jacobus tenBroek, The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment (Berkeley, 1951), 71–90; Lydia Maria Child, An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (Boston, 1833).

46. Newman, Transformation, 120; Foner, Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 4: 167–68; Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality (Berkeley, 1998), 1, 57–62; Colored American (New York), May 9, 1840.

47. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, 2005), 423–32; Leonard P. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York, 1970), 12–14.

48. Randolph A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850 (New York, 1987), 180; Richards, “Gentlemen,” 27–36; Hopkins, Papers of Henry Clay, 9: 81, 278–82.

49. Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 132–44; Winkle, “Paradox,” 14–15; Willard L. King, Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 51; Charles N. Zucker, “The Free Negro Question: Race Relations in Antebellum Illinois, 1801–1860” (unpub. diss., Northwestern University, 1972), 191, 319.

50. Liberator, August 4, 1837; Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 176–89; Wilentz, Rise, 486; Edward Magdol, Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress (New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 11.

51. Richard L. Miller, Lincoln and His World: Prairie Politician, 1834–1842 (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2008), 204–5; Proceedings of the Ill. Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth October, 1837 (Alton, 1838), 1–11.

52. Proceedings of the Ill. Anti-Slavery Convention, 14–22; Dillon, “Antislavery Movement,” 294–95; Dana E. Weiner, “Racial Radicals: Antislavery Activism in the Old Northwest” (unpub. diss., Northwestern University, 2007), 319–20, 338–39.

53. James B. Stewart, “The Emergence of Racial Modernity and the Rise of the White North, 1790–1840,” Journal of the Early Republic, 18 (Summer 1998), 197–201; Harris, History of Negro Servitude, 62–67, 97; Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1874; Winkle, Young Eagle, 257; Michael K. Curtis, “The 1837 Killing of Elijah Lovejoy by an Anti-Abolition Mob: Free Speech, Mobs, Republican Government, and the Privileges of American Citizens,” UCLA Law Review, 44 (April 1997), 1009–11, 1046–50.

54. Zucker, “Free Negro Question,” 270–77; Weiner, “Racial Radicals,” 129–31; Dana E. Weiner, “Anti-Abolition Violence and Freedom of Speech in Peoria, Illinois, 1843–1848,” JIH, 11 (Autumn 2008), 179–81; Liberator, May 26, 1843.

55. Orville H. Browning to Isaac N. Arnold, November 25, 1872, Isaac N. Arnold Papers, Chicago History Museum.

56. African Repository and Colonial Journal, 13 (April 1837), 109; Journal of the Senate of the Tenth General Assembly of the State of Illinois (Vandalia, [1837]), 195–98; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Tenth General Assembly of the State of Illinois (Vandalia, [1837]), 238–44.

57. CW, 1: 74–75.

58. CW, 4: 65; CG, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, appendix, 248.

59. Chicago Press and Tribune, June 5, 1860; Journal of the House of Representatives, 238; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 1: 122–27; Wilson and Davis, eds., Herndon’s Lincoln, 119. David Donald calls the protest “a cautious limited dissent,” which seems unfair. Donald, Lincoln, 63.

60. Davis, Frontier Illinois, 243; CW, 1: 108–15; Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,