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The God Species_ How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans - Mark Lynas [145]

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and Boulder, Colorado,” Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L15808.

3. W. Randel et al., 2010: “Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere,” Science, 328, 5978, 611–13.

4. G. Carmichael et al., 2009: “Asian Aerosols: Current and Year 2030 Distributions and Implications to Human Health and Regional Climate Change,” Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 15, 5811–17.

5. R. Stone, 2008: “Beijing’s Marathon Run to Clean Foul Air Nears Finish Line,” Science, 321, 5889, 636–7.

6. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmenvaud/229/22905.htm.

7. http://www.stateoftheair.org/2010/key-findings/.

8. A. Appatova, et al., 2008: “Proximal Exposure of Public Schools and Students to Major Roadways: A Nationwide US survey,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 51, 5, 631–46.

9. H. Kawase et al., 2010: “Physical Mechanism of Long-Term Drying Trend over Tropical North Africa,” Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L09706.

10. I. Held et al., 2005: “Simulation of Sahel Drought in the 20th and 21st Centuries,” PNAS, 102, 50, 17891–6.

11. V. Ramanathan et al., 2005: “Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Impacts on South Asian Climate and Hydrological Cycle,” PNAS, 102, 15, 5326–33.

12. M. Wild et al., 2008: “Combined Surface Solar Brightening and Increasing Greenhouse Effect Support Recent Intensification of the Global Land-Based Hydrological Cycle,” Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L17706.

13. V. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael, 2008: “Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon,” Nature Geoscience, 1, 221–7.

14. G. Meehl et al., 2008: “Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Indian Monsoon,” Journal of Climate, 21, 2869–82.

15. Q. Xu, 2001: “Abrupt Change of the Mid-Summer Climate in Central East China by the Influence of Atmospheric Pollution,” Atmospheric Environment, 35, 30, 5029–40.

16. A. Stohl, 2006: “Characteristics of Atmospheric Transport into the Arctic Troposphere,” J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11306.

17. C. Warneke et al., 2010: “An Important Contribution to Springtime Arctic Aerosol from Biomass Burning in Russia,” Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L01801.

18. J. Hansen and L. Nazarenko, 2004: “Soot Climate Forcing via Snow and Ice Albedos,” PNAS, 101, 2, 423–8.

19. M. Fiebig et al., 2009: “Tracing Biomass Burning Aerosol from South America to Troll Research Station, Antarctica,” Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L14815.

20. H. Venzac et al., 2008: “High Frequency New Particle Formation in the Himalayas,” PNAS, 105, 41, 15666–71.

21. S. Marcq et al., 2010: “Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing in the High Himalaya Based on Measurements at the Nepal Climate Observatory—Pyramid Site (5100 m a.s.l),” Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 5627–63.

22. B. Xu et al., 2009: “Black Soot and the Survival of Tibetan Glaciers,” PNAS, 106, 52, 22114–18.

23. M. Jacobson, 2010: “Short-Term Effects of Controlling Fossil-Fuel Soot, Biofuel Soot and Gases, and Methane on Climate, Arctic Ice, and Air Pollution Health,” J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14209.

24. Hansen and Nazarenko, cited above.

25. J. McNally, 2010: “Best Hope for Saving Arctic Sea Ice is Cutting Soot Emissions, Says Stanford Researcher,” Stanford Report, July 28, 2010, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/july/soot-emissions-ice-072810.html.

26. See Figure 2 in T. Bond and H. Sun, 2005: “Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract Global Warming?,” Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 16, 5921–6.

27. W. Chameides and M. Bergin, 2002: “Soot Takes Center Stage,” Science, 297, 5590, 2214–15.

28. J. Corbett et al., 2007: “Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment,” Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 24, 8512–18.

29. Here I am comparing with future predicted deaths from Chernobyl (rather than with the actual current death toll of 50 or so), making a reasonable guess of 4,000 additional fatal cancer cases overall in the affected populations over the next few decades. Of course, we will never know for sure.

30. F. Kan and R. Fabi, 2011: “Analysis: Refiners Threaten Anti-Pollution Efforts in Shipping,

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