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31. Q. Zhang et al., 2009: “Asian Emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B Mission,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5131–53.

32. Ramanathan and Carmichael, cited above.

33. Bond and Sun, cited above, Table 1.

34. M. Frondel et al., 2009: “Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies—The German Experience,” Ruhr Economic Papers #156, http://repec.rwi-essen.de/files/REP_09_156.pdf.

35. Carbon Trade Watch, 2007: The Carbon Neutral Myth—Offset Indulgences for Your Climate Sins, http://www.carbontradewatch.org/pubs/carbon_neutral_myth.pdf.

36. A. Ma’anit, 2007: “If You Go Down to the Woods Today…,” New Internationalist, 391, http://www.newint.org/features/2006/07/01/keynote/.

37. World Bank, 2010: State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010, Carbon Finance at the World Bank.

38. S. Rasool and S. Schneider, 1971: “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate,” Science, 173, 3992, 138–41.

39. V. Vestreng et al., 2007: “Twenty-five Years of Continuous Sulphur Dioxide Emission Reduction in Europe,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 3663–81.

40. M. Wild, 2009: “Global Dimming and Brightening: A Review,” J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00D16.

41. M. Wild et al., 2007: “Impact of Global Dimming and Brightening on Global Warming,” Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L04702.

42. P. Crutzen, 2006: “Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?,” Climatic Change, 77, 3–4, 211–20.

43. B. Soden et al., 2002: “Global Cooling After the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A Test of Climate Feedback by Water Vapor,” Science, 296, 5568, 727–730.

44. A. Robock et al., 2010: “A Test for Geoengineering?,” Science, 327, 530–1.

45. K. Trenberth and A. Dai, 2007: “Effects of Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption on the Hydrological Cycle as an Analog of Geoengineering,” Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L15702.

46. O. Morton, 2007: “Climate Change: Is This What It Takes to Save the World?,” Nature, 447, 132–6.

47. But see, for example, A. Robock, 2008: “20 Reasons Why Geoengineering May Be a Bad Idea,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 64, 2, 14–18.

48. Crutzen, cited above.

8: OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

1. S. C. Doney et al., 2009: “Ocean Acidification: A Critical Emerging Problem for the Ocean Sciences,” Oceanography, 22,4, 16–25.

2. U. Riebesell et al., 2009: “Sensitivities of Marine Carbon Fluxes to Ocean Change,” PNAS, 106, 49 20602–9.

3. Here things get less simple. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (protons). Most marine organisms use carbonate for their shells, and amounts of carbonate (CO32-) tend to be depleted as a result of this process. For a good discussion of the chemistry involved, see R. Feely et al., 2009: “Ocean Acidification: Present Conditions and Future Changes in a High-CO2 World,” Oceanography, 22, 4, 36–47.

4. C. Pelejero et al., 2010: “Paleo-Perspectives on Ocean Acidification,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25, 6, 332–4.

5. Feely et al., cited above.

6. J. Dore et al., 2009: “Physical and Biogeochemical Modulation of Ocean Acidification in the Central North Pacific,” PNAS, 106, 30, 12235–40.

7. Pelejero et al., cited above.

8. R. Feely et al., 2008: “Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive ‘Acidified’ Water onto the Continental Shelf,” Science, 320, 1490–2.

9. M. Yamamoto-Kawai et al., 2009: “Aragonite Undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: Effects of Ocean Acidification and Sea Ice Melt,” Science, 326, 5956, 1098–1100.

10. G. De’ath et al., 2009: “Declining Coral Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef,” Science, 323, 5910, 116–19.

11. R. Bak et al., 2009: “Coral Growth Rates Revisited After 31 Years: What Is Causing Lower Extension Rates in Acropora palmata?,” Bulletin of Marine Science, 84, 3, 287–94.

12. J. Tanzil et al., 2009: “Decline in Skeletal Growth of the Coral Porites lutea from the Andaman Sea, South Thailand Between 1984 and 2005,” Coral Reefs, 28, 2, 519–28.

13. K. Anthony et al., 2008: “Ocean Acidification Causes Bleaching and Productivity