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30 David Parkin and Stephen C. Headley, eds, Islamic Prayer across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque, Richmond, Curzon, 2000, pp. 2–3.

31 Sydney Morning Herald, 9–10 June, 2001

32 Horden and Purcell, The Corrupting Sea, p. 43.

33 Quoted in Philip Edwards, The Story of the Voyage: Sea Narratives in Eighteenth-Century England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 1.

34 This is a rough but valid comparison. I have included Egypt and Iran, but not all of Indonesia. Even so, this is not a book about India and the Indian Ocean, it is about the Indian Ocean tout court.

35 Matvejevic, Mediterranean, p. 142.

36 Horden and Purcell, The Corrupting Sea, p. 5.

37 Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World, p. 18.

38 Spate, The Pacific, I, p. x.

39 Tom Vosmer, 'Maritime Archaeology, Ethnography and History in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Partnership', in Himanshu Prabha Ray, ed., Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period, Delhi, Pragati Publications, 1999, p. 298.

40 Sydney Morning Herald, 13 April, 2000.

41 Janet Abu-Lughod, 'The World-System Perspective in the Construction of Economic History', in Philip Pomper et al., eds,World History: Ideologies, Structures and Identities, Oxford, Blackwell, 1998, p. 75.

1 Deep structure

1 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols, p. 353.

2 Frank Broeze, 'Introduction', in Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries, Sydney, New South Wales University Press, 1989, pp. 3, 21.

3 Chandra Richard de Silva, 'Indian Ocean but not African Sea', Journal of Black Studies, XXIX, 5, May 1999, pp. 684–94.

4 Alan Villiers, The Indian Ocean, London, Museum Press, 1952, pp. 5, 17; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Atlas of the Indian Ocean, Washington, CIA, n.d., pp. 3–5.

5 CIA World Factbook, 2000, available HTTP, accessed 24 November 1999; see 'Indian Ocean'.

6 Robert K. Headland, Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 12–13.

7 For a very technical discussion see Vivian Louis Forbes, The Maritime Boundaries of the Indian Ocean Region, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 1995.

8 John O'Kane, trans. and ed., The Ship of Sulaiman, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972, p. 163.

9 Joseph Conrad, Typhoon, and other Tales, New York, New American Library, 1963, 'The Shadow Line,' p. 380.

10 O'Kane, The Ship of Sulaiman, pp. 159–60.

11 Donald K. Emmerson, 'The Case for a Maritime Perspective on Southeast Asia', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, XI, l, March 1980, pp. 139–45.

12 Abu Zaid Hasan ibn Yazid, Ancient Accounts of India and China, London, printed for Sam. Harding, 1733, p. 93. For a comparable account from 1876 see an extended description, including of Jiddah, in Isabel Burton, A.E.I. Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel, London, W. Mullan and Son, 1879, pp. 71–100

13 Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubair, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (1183–1185 AC), trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst, London, Jonathan Cape, 1952, pp. 69 et seq.

14 Daniel's account in William Foster, ed., The Red Sea, London, Hakluyt Society, 1949, pp. 64–70.

15 Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, ed. A. Cortesão, London, Hakluyt Society, 1944, 2 vols, I, p. 9.

16 Jacques-Yves Cousteau, The Living Sea, New York, Nick Lyons Books, 1963, p. 33. Isabel Burton (pp. 93–9) noticed this in January 1876: the locals told her it was a consequence of the opening of the Suez Canal.

17 Isabel Burton, A.E.I., p. 99.

18 Marco Polo, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, trans. and ed. Henry Yule and Henri Cordier, London, John Murray, 1921, 2 vols, I, 108. Deltas, such as the Hughli, could be just as dangerous. For a harrowing account of the Rufiji delta in Tanzania see