The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [227]
19 Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 'The Indian Ocean in World History', in Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds, Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 16.
20 See his contribution in F. Bethencourt and D. Ramada Curto, eds, Portuguese Expansion, 1400–1822: A Collection of Essays, New York, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
21 Colonel James Capper, Observations on the Passage to India through Egypt and across the Great Desert . . ., 2nd ed., London, Printed for W. Faden, 1784, p. vi.
22 M. Lesourd, 'Notes sur les Nawakid, Navigateurs de la Mer Rouge', Bolletin de l'Institute Français d'Afrique Noire, Serie B, Dakar, vol. XX, 1960, pp. 346–55, especially pp. 349–50.
23 Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, História do descobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses, 3rd ed., Coímbra, Impr. da Universidade, 1924–33, 9 vols, VIII, xliii.
24 William Foster, ed., Early Travels in India, Delhi, S. Chand, 1968, pp. 301–2.
25 G.R. Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese, London, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971, p. 231, and cf. pp. 360–82 for a gloss by Tibbetts on the dictatorship of the monsoons. On pp. 225–42 is Ibn Majid on the monsoons in the whole Indian Ocean.
26 Elaine Sanceau, 'Uma Narrativa da Expedição Portuguesa de 1541 ao Mar Roxo', Studia, IX, 1962, pp. 199–234 [letter of D. Manuel de Lima to King, Goa, 18 November 1541]. The account is from pp. 226–7.
27 George F. Hourani, revised and expanded by John Carswell, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 150; Tim Severin, The Sinbad Voyage, London, Hutchinson, 1982, passim.
28 Thor Heyerdahl, The Tigris Expedition: In Search of our Beginnings, Garden City, Doubleday, 1981, pp. 187, 222.
29 Alexander Frater, Chasing the Monsoon, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991, p. 23.
30 CIA, Atlas, p. 7.
31 Alan Villiers, The Set of the Sails: The Adventures of a Cape Horn Seaman, London, Pan, 1955 (first ed. 1940), p. 246.
32 Villiers, Indian Ocean, pp. 11–12.
33 Des Kearns, World Wanderer, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1971, p. 63.
34 Villiers, Indian Ocean, p. 13. See a stunning description in Patrick O'Brian's novel H.M.S. Surprise, Bath, Chivers Press, 2000, pp. 260–87.
35 Villiers, Set of the Sails, p. 84.
36 Daniel Behrman, Assault on the Largest Unknown: The International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959–65, Paris, Unesco Press, 1981, p. 33; P. Bellwood, 'From Bird's Head to Bird's Eye View: Long Term Structures and Trends in Indo-Pacific Prehistory', in J. Miedema, C. Ode and R.A.C. Dam, eds, Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1998.
37 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, Vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, p. 310.
38 Anthony Reid, 'The System of Trade and Shipping in Maritime South and Southeast Asia, and the Effects of the Development of the Cape route to Europe', in H. Pohl, ed., The European Discovery of the World and its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society, 1500–1800, Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1990, pp. 94–5.
39 Jennifer Ackerman, 'New Eyes on the Oceans', National Geographic, October 2000, pp. 92–3.
40 Jerónimo Lobo, The Itinerary of Jerónimo Lobo, trans. Donald M. Lockhart, London, Hakluyt Society, 1984, p. 308.
41 Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in India, Edinburgh, A. Constable, 1813, p. 174.
42 Sir James Lancaster, The Voyage of Sir James Lancaster to Brazil and the East Indies, 1591–1603, ed. W. Foster, Hakluyt Society, 1940, pp. 8–9.
43 A.J.R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808, New York, St Martin's Press, 1992, p. 98.
44 Heyerdahl, The Tigris Expedition, p. 71.
45 Mrs Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe,