The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [228]
2 Humans and the sea
1 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols, I, p. 276.
2 This terminology has to be distinguished from the use, pace Horden and Purcell, of a history of the sea, as compared with history in the sea.
3 K.N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 160.
4 Predrag Matvejevic, Mediterranean: A Cultural Landscape, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999, p. 66.
5 Braudel, The Mediterranean, pp. 168, 170. See also Sugata Bose's essay 'Space and Time in the Indian Ocean Rim: Theory and History', in Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C.A. Bayly, eds, Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, New York, Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 365–88.
6 Jorge Manuel Flores, Os Portugueses e o Mar de Ceilão: Trato, Diplomacia e Guerra (1498–1543), Lisbon, Cosmos, 1998.
7 Jean-Claude Penrad, 'Societies of the Ressac: The Mainland meets the Ocean', in David Parkin, ed., Continuity and autonomy in Swahili Communities: inland influences and strategies of self-determination, London, SOAS, 1994, pp. 41–8.
8 H. Neville Chittick, 'East Africa and the Orient: Ports and Trade Before the Arrival of the Portuguese', in C. Mehaud, ed., Historical Relations across the Indian Ocean, Paris, UNESCO, 1980, p. 13.
9 Ralph Austen, African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency, London, James Currey, 1987, p. 58.
10 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, pp. 151, 377.
11 Ibid, p. 267.
12 H.W. Van Santen, 'Trade between Mughal India and the Middle East, and Mughal Monetary Policy, c. 1600–1660', in Karl Reinhold Haellquist, ed., Asian Trade Routes: Continental and Maritime, London, Curzon Press, 1991, p.90.
13 Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Life and Death in a Coral Sea, Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1971, p. 79.
14 Frank Broeze, 'Introduction', in Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia from the 13th to the 20th Centuries, London, Kegan Paul International, 1997, pp. 3–4.
15 Matvejevic, Mediterranean, pp. 13–14.
16 Audrey N. Clark, Longman Dictionary of Geography, Essex, Essex University Press, 1985, s.v. 'umland'.
17 Perhaps the best discussion is Frank Broeze, 'The External Dynamic of Port City Morphology: Bombay, 1815–1914', in Indu Banga, ed., Ports and their Hinterlands in India, 1700–1950, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992, pp. 245–52. See also B.S. Hoyle, 'Maritime Perspectives on Ports and Port Systems: The Case of East Africa', in Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 1989, pp. 188–93. K.N. Chaudhuri has also contributed here: see his Trade and Civilisation, pp. 98–118; 160–81.
18 Rhoads Murphey, 'On the Evolution of the Port City', in Broeze, ed., Brides of the Sea, p. 225. This fine article, and the book in which it appears, made a most substantial contribution to the study of port cities.
19 W.G. Palgrave, quoted in Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs, New York, Pantheon Books, 1998, p. 154,
20 Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubair, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (1183–1185 AC), trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst, London, Jonathan Cape, 1952, pp. 63–4.
21 M.D.D. Newitt, A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst, 1994, pp. 12, 31, 141 et seq.
22 Himanshu Prabha Ray, 'Introduction', in Ray and Jean-Francois Salles, eds, Tradition and Archeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, New Delhi, Manohar, 1996, p. 2.
23 A. Vallavanthara, India in 1500 AD: The Narrative of Joseph the Indian, Mannanam, Research Institute for Studies in History, 1984, pp. 152–5.
24 Rhoads Murphey, 'The City in the Swamp: Aspects of the Site and Early Growth