The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [231]
21 Ibid., p. 9.
22 Andre Tchernia, 'Winds and Coins', in De Romanis and Tchernia, eds, Crossings, pp. 250–60.
23 H.P. Ray, 'Maritime Archaeology of the Indian Ocean: An Overview', in Himanshu Prabha Ray and Jean-Francois Salles, eds, Tradition and Archeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, New Delhi, Manohar, 1996, p. 2. For an exhaustive study of the date of the Periplus see Christian Robin, 'The Date of the Periplus', in De Romanis and Tchernia, eds, Crossings, pp. 41–65. Gerard Fussman, 'The Periplus and the Political History of India', in ibid., pp. 66–71 dates it to 40 CE.
24 Warmington, quoted in Himanshu Prabha Ray, 'The Western Indian Ocean and the Early Maritime Links of the Indian Subcontinent', Indian Economic and Social History Review, 31, 1, 1994, p. 70.
25 D.W. MacDowall, 'The Evidence of the Gazetteer of Roman Artefacts in India', in Ray and Salles, eds, Tradition and Archeology, p. 79.
26 Hourani, Arab Seafaring, pp. 135–6.
27 Basham, The Wonder, pp. 226–31.
28 S.E. Sidebotham and W.Z.Wendrich, 'Berenike', Indian Ocean Review, December 1999, p. 16.
29 Ananda Abeydeera, 'The Factual Description of a Sea Route to India and Ceylon by a Greek Master Mariner from Roman Egypt', in Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, XIX, 1996, pp. 200, 207.
30 See R. Champakalakshmi, Trade Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
31 R.P. Kangle, The Kautilya Arthasastra, Bombay, University of Bombay, 3 vols, 1965–72, II, pp. 162–4 for the text, and the gloss in III, p. 179.
32 G.W.B. Huntingford, ed., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, London, Hakluyt, 1980, pp. 37, 103.
33 Horton and Middleton, The Swahili, p. 31; S. Qudratullah Fatimi, 'In Search Of A Methodology For The History Of Muslim Navigation In The Indian Ocean', Islamic Quarterly [Great Britain], 20–2 (1–2), 1978, p. 45.
34 A.M. Juma, 'The Swahili and the Mediterranean Worlds: Potteries of the Late Romen Period from Zanzibar', Antiquity, 70, 1996, pp. 148–54.
35 Valeria Fiorani Piacentini, 'International Indian Ocean Routes and Gwadar Kuh-Batil Settlement in Makran', Nuova Rivista Storica, May–August 1988, p. 308 and passim, pp. 307–44; R.A. Donkin, Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl Fishing, Origins to the Age of Discovery, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1998, p. 95.
36 Hourani, Arab Seafaring, pp. 40–9; Philip Snow, The Star Raft: China's Encounter with Africa, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1989, p. 3; K. Rajan, 'Early Maritime Activities of the Tamils', in Ray and Salles, eds, Tradition and Archeology, pp. 97–108.
37 H.P. Ray, The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia, Delhi, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 190–1; Ian C. Glover, 'The Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade between India and Southeast Asia', in Julian Reade, ed., Indian Ocean in Antiquity, London, Kegan Paul, 1996, pp. 365–92. However, see also debunking comments by Monica L. Smith, 'The Dynamic Realm of the Indian Ocean: A Review', Asian Perspectives, 36, 2, Fall 1997, pp. 245–59.
38 K.M. Panikkar, India and the Indian Ocean: An Essay on the Influence of Sea Power on Indian History, London, G. Allen & Unwin, 1945, p. 29.
39 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, Vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, respectively pp. 377, 366.
40 Ibid., p. 158.
41 Hourani, Arab Seafaring, p. 29; Romila Thapar, 'Early Mediterranean Contacts with India: An Overview', in De Romanis and Tchernia, eds, Crossings, p. 33.
42 As described in the Asian Studies Association of Australia electronic Newsletter, June, 2001.
43 Gunawardana in Satish Chandra, ed., The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Sage, 1987, pp. 61, 77, and passim for a very useful overview. B. Arunachalam has published