The Indian Ocean - Michael Pearson [247]
44 Stephanie Jones, 'British India Steamers and the Trade of the Persian Gulf, 1862–1914', Great Circle, VII, 1985, pp. 23–44.
45 J. Forbes Munro, 'Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees: William Mackinnon, Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, 1860–93', Journal of African History, 28, 1987, pp. 209–30.
46 Frank Broeze, 'From Imperialism to Independence: The Decline and Re-Emergence of Asian Shipping', Great Circle, IX, 1987, pp. 82–4.
47 Frank Broeze, ' Merchants from Steam to Sail: The West Australian Shipping Association and the Evolution of the Conference System, 1884–1910', in Fischer, ed., From Wheel House to Counting House, pp. 273–301.
48 Headrick, The Tools of Empire, pp. 142–8, 165–6; F.J.A. Broeze, K.I. McPherson and P.D. Reeves, 'Engineering and Empire: the Making of The Modern Indian Ocean Ports', in Satish Chandra, ed., The Indian Ocean, pp. 264–5.
49 Account of a voyage to Australia by Joseph Woodhouse, Australian National Maritime Museum, 1884, n.p., typescript.
50 Freda Harcourt, 'P&O and Orient', p. 73.
51 Munro, 'The "Scrubby Scotch Screw Company"', pp. 52–3.
52 Account of a voyage to Australia by Colin MacKenzie, Australian National Maritime Museum, 1890, n.p., typescript.
53 Sulivan, Dhow Chasing, p. 167.
54 Boyd Cable, A Hundred Year History of the P. & O. Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, London, I. Nicholson and Watson, 1937, pp. 111–16.
55 Tompsitt, A Diary, p. 11.
56 Curzon, Persia, II, 467–8.
57 Broeze, 'From Imperialism to Independence', pp. 78–80.
58 J.N.F.M. À Campo, 'Perahu and Kapal: The Interaction of Traditional and Modern Shipping in Colonial Indonesia', in Everaert and Parmentier, eds, International Conference, pp. 343–66.
59 Alan Villiers, The Set of the Sails: The Adventures of a Cape Horn Seaman, London, Pan, 1955 (first ed. 1940), p. 246.
60 Eric Newby, The Last Grain Race, London, Picador, 1990 (first ed. 1956), p. 152 and passim.
61 Quoted in David Kirby and Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, The Baltic and the North Seas, London, Routledge, 2000, p. 221.
62 Villiers, The Set of the Sails, pp. 136–7.
63 Janet J. Ewald, 'Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750–1914', American Historical Review, February 2000, 105, pp. 75–6.
64 Mark Twain, Following the Equator: A Journey around the World, Hartford, American Publishing Co., 1897, p. 331.
65 Accounts of voyages to Australia by Lancelot L. Earl and Richard James Whyte, Australian National Maritime Museum, n.p., typescript.
66 Newby, The Last Grain Race, pp. 112, pp. 117–18.
67 Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim, I, 11.
68 Jackson, 'The Decline of the Wool Clippers', Great Circle, II, 1980, p. 93.
69 Burton, A.E.I., pp. 397, 64–71.
70 Gavin Young, Halfway Around the World: An Improbable Journey, New York, Random House, 1981, pp. 243–66.
71 Burton, A.E.I., p. 65.
72 A much-studied subject. See Hugh J. Schonfield, The Suez Canal, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1938, p. 111; Frank Broeze, Peter Reeves and Kenneth McPherson, 'Imperial Ports And The Modern World Economy: The Case Of The Indian Ocean', Journal of Transport History, VII, 2, 1986, p. 1; Elias H. Tuma, 'Suez Canal: Another Dimension in the European Network', Journal of European Economic History, 24, 1995, p. 623.
73 Tuma, 'Suez Canal', pp. 623–5.
74 Ewald, 'Crossers of the Sea', p. 79.
75 Quoted in Malcolm Tull, A Community Enterprise: The History of the Port of Fremantle, 1897 to 1997, St Johns, NFLD, International Maritime Economic History Association, 1997, pp. 123–4.
76 Quoted in Broeze et al., 'Engineering and Empire', p. 259.
77 Mrs Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, The Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, London, J. Nourse, 1777, p. 81.
78 Ibid., pp. 82–3.
79 Parks,