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for federally funded public assistance; jury exclusion; postconviction fees; public housing discrimination; rearrest rates; re-entry programs; the shame and stigma of criminality; voting rights/felony disenfranchisement; work/employment

Powell, Colin

powell, john a.

presidential elections: and disenfranchisement of ex-felons; and law and order rhetoric

pretext stops

prisons: admissions for drug offenses; closing; construction of; corporate and private profiteers; inmate work in; private; rearrest rates and parole and probation violations; and redistricting processes; and residential racial segregation; and violent crime (homicide) offenders

probation violations

prosecutorial discretion: crack cocaine cases; and drug-law enforcement; and jury selection; and racial bias

public defender system

public housing agencies/assistance

Purkett v. Elm

Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (1998)

racial caste system in the U.S.; black codes and vagrancy laws; and Civil Rights Movement; and collective denial; and colorblindness; competing schools of thought on race, poverty, and social order; convict leasing and forced labor; end of Jim Crow system; flawed public consensus at heart of; and “get tough on crime” policies; and language of racial caste; law and order rhetoric; new; and philosophies of race relations; and political parties; poor and working class whites; and Populist movement; postemancipation period; Reconstruction Era; and Republican Party; and slavery; Southern “Redemption” campaign; structural racism; systems of control/recurring periods of transition and uncertainty. See also drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences); mass incarceration system; post-prison release; War on Drugs

Racial Formation in the United States (Omi and Winant)

Racial Justice Project of the ACLU

racial profiling: and ghetto communities; litigation challenging; and minority police officers; and police decision making; studies of; and Title VI of 1964 Civil Rights Act; traffic stops/ pedestrian stops

radical philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

rap music and hip-hop culture

Reagan, Ronald/Reagan administration; and conservative revolution in the Republican Party; and crack cocaine; financial incentives to law enforcement; legislation and drug policy; and military policing; racialized campaign rhetoric on crime and welfare; and War on Drugs

reality television shows, black-themed

Reconstruction Era; convict leasing and forced labor; federal civil rights legislation; philosophies of race relations; Populist movement; and racial segregation; Southern “Redemption” campaign; voting rights

Rector, Ricky Ray

“Redemption” campaign

redistricting and prison populations

Reeves, Jimmie

Reform Act (2000)

Reinarman, Craig

Republican Party

Rice, Condoleezza

Robert Taylor Homes (Chicago)

Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Rucker, Perlie

Rucker v. Davis

Ruffin v. Commonwealth (Virginia)

Runoalds, Clifford

Russell, Kathryn

San Francisco Ban the Box campaigns

San Jose Mercury News

Schmidt, Benno

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte

Schwarzer, William W.

Scott, Donald

search and seizure

Seattle Police Department

segregation, racial; and ghetto communities; and prisons; Reconstruction Era; and re-entry of ex-felons; residential segregation

sentencing: and crack cocaine; and juveniles; and mandatory minimums; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; Supreme Court rulings and racially discriminatory sentencing

Sentencing Project

Sharpton, Al

Shelby, Tommie

“shooter bias,”

Sider, Gerald

Siegel, Reva

slavery; birth of; and disenfranchisement of black voters; and history of race discrimination in jury selection; and notion of white supremacy; and plantation labor; and poor whites; postemancipation period; and role of racial hostility/racial indifference; and symbolic production of race; and U.S. Constitution

Slavery by Another Name (Blackmon)