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Scales, and Household Bargaining Power,” Economics Series Working Paper, Oxford University Department of Economics, August 2006; Graziella Bertocchi and Marianna Brunetti, “Marriage and Other Risky Assets: A Portfolio Approach,” CEPR Discussion Paper, February 2009; Libertad González and Berkay Özcan, “The Risk of Divorce and Household Saving Behavior,” IZA Working Paper, September 2008. Data on the relative earnings of husbands and wives are found in Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, “Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Table F-22: Married-Couple Families with Wives’ Earnings Greater Than Husbands’ Earnings: 1988 to 2008” (www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/families/index.html, accessed 07/18/ 2010). Data on increased marriage rates among college graduates come from Justin Wolfers and Betsey Stevenson, “Marriage and Divorce, Changes and Their Driving Forces,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 21, No. 2, Spring 2007, pp. 27-52; and Adam Isen and Betsey Stevenson, “Women’s Education and Family Behavior: Trends in Marriage, Divorce and Fertility,” NBER Working Paper, February 2010. Evidence of mothers’ recent change in attitudes toward work is found in Pew Research Center, “Fewer Mothers Prefer Full-time Work,” July 2007; and Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok, “Trends in Labor Force Participation of Married Mothers of Infants,” Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review, February 2007 (www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/02/art2abs.htm, accessed 08/08/2010). The data on American fertility are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm, accessed 07/18/2010). Data on growing numbers of forty-year-old mothers come from Claudia Goldin, personal communication.

101-104 The Cheapest Women: Indian men’s preference for women from the same caste is discussed in Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Maitreesh Ghatak, and Jeanne Lafortune, “Marry for What? Caste and Mate Selection in Modern India,” NBER Working Paper, May 2009. The analysis of dowry payments in India and Bangladesh draws from Francis Bloch and Vijayendra Rao, “Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case-Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India,” American Economic Review, Vol. 92, No. 4, September 2002, pp. 1029-1043; Siwan Anderson, “The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice,” Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 21, No. 4, Fall 2007, pp. 151-174; Vijayendra Rao, “The Rising Price of Husbands: A Hedonic Analysis of Dowry Increases in Rural India,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 101, No. 4, 1993, pp. 666-671; Vijayendra Rao, “The Economics of Dowries in India,” in Kaushik Basu, ed., Oxford Companion to Economics in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007); and Luciana Suran and Sajeda Amin, “Does Dowry Make Life Better for Brides? A Test of the Bequest Theory of Dowry in Rural Bangladesh,” Policy Research Division Working Paper, Population Council, New York, 2004.

104-106 Killing Girls: The decline in the abortion of female fetuses in South Korea and the impact of ultrasound technology on such abortions in India are discussed in Woojin Chung and Monica Das Gupta, “The Decline of Son Preference in South Korea: The Roles of Development and Public Policy,” Population and Development Review, Vol. 33, No. 4, December 2007, pp. 757-783. Data on gender imbalances in South Korea and China are drawn from Monica Das Gupta, Jiang Zhenghua, Li Bohua, Xie Zhenming, Woojin Chung, and Bae Hwa-Ok, “Why Is Son Preference So Persistent in East and South Asia? A Cross-Country Study of China, India and the Republic of Korea,” Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, December 2003, pp. 153-187; and “China Faces Growing Sex Imbalance,” BBC News, 01/11/2010 (at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8451289.stm , accessed 07/18/2010). Data on gender imbalances among Indian, Chinese, and Korean families in the United States are found in Douglas Almond and Lena Edlund, “Son-biased Sex Ratios in the 2000 United States Census,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, No. 15, April 15, 2008, pp. 5681-5682.