The Wealth of Nations_ Books 4-5 - Adam Smith [351]
Exercise, military, alteration in, produced by the invention of fire arms, 287.
Expenses, private, how they influence the national capital, 446. The advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities, 447.
Export trade, the principles of, explained, 472. When rude produce may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital, 483. Why encouraged by European nations, 27. By what means promoted, 27–8. The motives to, and tendency of, drawbacks of duties, 76. The grant of bounties on, considered, 82. Exportation of the materials of manufactures, review of the restraints and prohibitions of, 232.
Faith, articles of, how regulated by the civil magistrate, 385–6.
Families, seldom remain on large estates for many generations in commercial countries, 515.
Famine. See Dearths.
Farmers of land, the several articles that compose their gain, distinguished, 156. Require more knowledge and experience than the generality of manufacturers, 231–2. In what their capitals consist, 375. The great quantity of productive labour put into motion by their capitals, 462. Artificers necessary to them, 481. Their situation better in England than in any other part of Europe, 491. Labour under great disadvantages every where, 494. Origin of long leases of farms, 514. Are a class of men least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly, 38. Were forced, by old statutes, to become the only dealers in corn, 108. Could not sell corn cheaper than any other corn merchant, 109. Could seldom sell it so cheap, 110. The culture of land obstructed by this division of their capitals, ib. The use of corn dealers to the farmers, 111. How they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political œconomy, 249. Of the public revenue, their character, 500, 519.
Feudal government, miserable state of the occupiers of land under, 434. Trade and interest under, 435. Feudal chiefs, their power, 485. Slaves, their situation, 489. Tenures of land, ib. Taxation, 493. Original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen in towns, 496. Immunities seldom granted but for valuable considerations, 497. Origin of free burghs, 498. The power of the barons reduced by municipal privileges, 499–500. The cause and effect of ancient hospitality, 508. Extensive power of the ancient barons, 510. Was not established in England until the Norman conquest, ib. Was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce, 512.
Feudal wars, how supported, 283. Military exercises not well attended to, under, 286. Standing armies gradually introduced to supply the place of the feudal militia, 294. Account of the casualties or taxes under, 453. Revenues under, how enjoyed by the great landholders, 506. Fiars, public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution explained, 287.
Fines, for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them, and their tendency, 422.
Fire arms, alteration in the art of war, effected by the invention of, 287, 296. The invention of, favourable to the extension of civilization, 296–7.
Fish, the component parts of the price of, explained, 154. The multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and uncertain, 341, How an increase of demand raises the price of fish, 342.
Fisheries, observations on the tonnage bounties granted to, 96. To the herring fishery, ib. The boat fishery ruined by this bounty, 97.
Flanders, the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by the solid improvements of agriculture, 520. Flax, the component parts of the price of, explained, 154. Fleetwood, bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Preciosum, 287, 290. Flour, the component parts of the price of, explained, 153.
Food, will always purchase as much labour as it can maintain on the spot, 250. Bread and butchers’ meat compared, 252, 255. Is the original source of every other production, 269. The abundance of, constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches,